One of the most notorious medieval torture devices was the “thumbscrews,” also known as “thumbkins.” Thumbscrews consisted of three metal poles, one or more of which was threaded, sitting vertically on a vice-like device. Along these poles, a plate or slab of metal or wood was placed horizontally with the ability to be slid up and down the poles. The victim’s fingers would then be placed in between the plate and the bottom of the device.

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)

Narrator:

Bryan 'Lazlo' Beauregard

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The Sepoy Uprising, which took place in India in 1857 - 58, is seen as one of the most shocking insurrections to take place against a colonial power during the 19th century. Although the uprising was ultimately unsuccessful, it fundamentally changed the nature of British rule in the subcontinent and is sometimes known, in India, as the First War of Independence.

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner

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Music Credit:

Dhaka by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/r....oyalty-free/index.ht
Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Wheel Of Karma by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Sources:

Dalrymple, W. 2020. ANARCHY: the relentless rise of the east india company. [S.l.]: BLOOMSBURY PUBLISHING.

David, S. 2003. The Indian Mutiny 1857. London: Penguin.

Jerosch, R., & Turner, J. A. .2007. The Rani of Jhansi: Rebel against will : a biography of the legendary Indian freedom fighter in the mutiny of 1857-1858. Delhi: Aakar.

Mount, F. 2016. The tears of the Rajas: mutiny, money and marriage in India 1805-1905. London: Simon & Schuster

Agrawal, M. G. 2008. Freedom fighters of India (in four volumes). Delhi: Isha Books.

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The M60 Patton was an American main battle tank that had entered service with the US Army in huge numbers in the 1960's.
So what was one of these 52 ton beasts doing, rampaging around downtown San Diego in California, on a warm summer’s evening in 1995?


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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner
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Big Rock - Take the Lead by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
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One of the most famous and cruelest of the witch trials was the “Swimming test” or as it was often called in Europe, the ”Floatation test”.
*This episode is not specifically about the Salem Witch trials, where no one was executed for witchcraft by burning. This is about witch trials in general: Hanging was most common, but burning did happen.

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Created by Daniel Turner

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Music Credit

Evening of Chaos Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
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Sources:
The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca By Rosemary Guiley
Witch Hunts in Europe and America: An Encyclopaedia By William E. Burns

For centuries wars are being fought with contemporary weapons and in some instances with future or prototype ones. However some old weapons, older than their current users, are being utilized. The Ukraine war has shown that some very old designs can still be used. Machine guns from a century ago, bolt action rifles older than that, submachine guns designed for WW2, anti-tank rifles as relics of the same conflict are being used, in big numbers or some rare occasions.

Each of these weapons tell us a story and serve as a testament of durability and the overall change and shift in the military doctrine as well as the consequences of the current situation. Not only that but those weapons, very crude and old, are serving on par with the latest designs, making the situation even more peculiar.

Most of those weapons have survived the harsh conditions of the biggest conflict in human history, years of storage and later wars beyond that. Some were served for decades as museum exhibits only to be called once again to fight in today's wars.

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What does M.A.D. mean? M.A.D. refers to the full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides, resulting in one clear, obvious outcome – mutually assured destruction. The policy of M.A.D. rests on the idea that if two countries or continents are equally as capable of destroying one another through nuclear attack, then there is no incentive for either side to pull the trigger, or remove it. Instead, nuclear-capable countries keep each other in check with the knowledge of the MAD doctrine, and that any sort of “first move” would result in global nuclear devastation.

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)
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Sources:
Mutual Assured Destruction
Robert Jervis
Foreign Policy
No. 133 (Nov. - Dec., 2002), pp. 40-42 (3 pages)
Published By: Slate Group, LLC

Nuclear Superiority or Mutually Assured Deterrence: The Development of the US Nuclear Deterrent
David S. McDonough
International Journal
Vol. 60, No. 3, Canada in the World: Annual John W. Holmes Issue on Canadian Foreign Policy (Summer, 2005), pp. 811-823 (13 pages)
Published By: Sage Publications, Ltd.

Between Assured Destruction and Nuclear Victory: The Case for the "Mad-Plus" Posture
Robert J. Art
Ethics
Vol. 95, No. 3, Special Issue: Symposium on Ethics and Nuclear Deterrence (Apr., 1985), pp. 497-516 (20 pages)
Published By: The University of Chicago Press

https://history.state.gov/mile....stones/1961-1968/cub

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The Type seven and Type nine were the striking force of the Kriegsmarine during the Battle of the Atlantic - a German attempt to cut off the British Isles and force the Allies to surrender.
In the first years of war, the Germans used them to cut off supply lines that were bringing weapons and equipment from the United States to United Kingdom.

When attacking, German U-boats were using so called “Wolfpack” tactic.


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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner
Script: Dejan Milivojevic
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Music Credit: Dance of the U-boat by Aakash Gandhi

Sources:
David and Hugh Lyon, World War II Warships, 1976
Eberhard Moeler, Werner Brack, The Encyclopedia of U-Boats from 1904 to the Present, 2004
Chris Bishop, The Encyclopedia Weapons of World War II, 1998
Gordon Williamson, Kriegsmarine U-boats, 2002

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In times of war, desperate measures are sometimes needed to be taken and nations would turn to the criminal elements of society to swell the ranks of their Armed Forces. Whether coerced, motivated by patriotism or by a sense of redemption, or something darker, those convicted of crimes have played an important role in warfare even to the current day.

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Sloped armor - an armor technique of inclining the armor plates in order to achieve superior strength and protection. Massively utilized in WWII, this technique would prove life saving in numerous occasions, giving the Soviet tank forces a fighting edge over the German counterparts. But it did come with some limitations and problems. How does it work, what are the good and bad things concerning the sloped armor, when was this technique used and when did that usage end? How did simple physics help deflect and outdate huge number of anti-tank weapons and what was the end game for it?


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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)
Episode by Aleksandar Djokic
Script: Natasha Martell
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Chris Kane
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The Second World War is known for its brutality, with both the Allies and the Axis powers fighting tooth and nail for supremacy.
In spite of this, however, there were some incidents in which soldiers from one side actively or inadvertently aided their enemies. Whether this was done out of a sense of morality, ideology, or some reason known only to them, here are a few examples of when Axis and Allies worked together.


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From the outbreak of the Second World War, the US Armed forces started to actively prepare for what they saw as their inevitable entry into the conflict. Nevertheless, they were still relatively ill prepared when they were finally drawn into the war on December 7th 1941, following the surprise attack by the Japanese on the US naval base at Pearl harbour.

Here we will see how the American G.I. was equipped by the time of 1944 on D-Day.

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Books
GI Ingenuity by James J. Carafano copyright 2006

United States vs German Equipment 1945 by Stackpole books Copyright 2013

Infantry Equipment manual 1914

WW11 US Army Combat Equipments by Gordon L. Rottman

Desmond Doss was not your average hero.
He would become a Medal of Honor recipient, the United States of America's highest and most prestigious military award, as a combat medic who saved many of his comrades lives in battle without firing a single shot - because he did not take a weapon into combat because of his religious beliefs.


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Music Credit
Drums of the Deep Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
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'Devastation and Revenge', 'Hero Down', by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
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At the dawning of the Second World War, emboldened by the Anschluss, Adolf Hitler turned his focus to the Sudetenland, a heavily industrialised region of Czechoslovakia with a considerable population of ethnic Germans. Fearing the outbreak of another bloody conflict, Britain and France entered into a policy of appeasement with Nazi Germany, engaging in a four-power conference that would culminate in the signing of the Munich Agreement. Ultimately, Hitler would betray the trust of the western powers, and the Munich Agreement is now remembered in history as a byword for the futility of appeasing aggressive, totalitarian states.

The fact that it took place in 1938 should tell you if it was successful or not!


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Sources:
"Neville Chamberlain's "Peace For Our Time" speech". eudocs.lib.byu.edu. 30 September 1938.
Deák, István (2015) [2013]. Europe on Trial: The Story of Collaboration, Resistance, and Retribution during World War II. London: Routledge
Deák, Ladislav, Hungary's game for Slovakia, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 1996
Douglas, R. M. (2012), Orderly and Humane, New Haven: Yale University Press
Hucker, Daniel (2011). Public Opinion and the End of Appeasement in Britain and France. London: Routledge
K. Robbins, “Konrad Henlein, the Sudeten Question and British Foreign Policy”, Historical Journal, 1969
Kenety, Brian (14 April 2005). "Memories of World War II in the Czech Lands: the expulsion of Sudeten Germans". Radio Praha
Noakes, J.; Pridham, G. (2010) [2001]. Nazism 1919–1945: Foreign Policy War, and Racial Extermination. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Devon: University of Exeter Press.

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‘Potemkin Village’ is a term used to describe a fake propaganda village that nations build to impress foreigners.
Kijong-Dong

Kijŏng-dong
기정동
機井洞

The village was built within sighting range of the Korean Demilitarized Zone when the Korean Peninsula divided into two in 1953.
This Potemkin fake village was built by the North Korean founder, first eternal leader, Kim Il-sung who ruled the nation until his death in 1994.


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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)

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Music Credit:

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With the outbreak of the First World War, the idea of creating an armored fighting vehicle was born as a solution to the static nature of trench warfare.
It was the beginning of the Age of Tanks.
These first tanks, even though unwieldy and capricious, paved the way towards the tanks that would become a dominant force on the battlefield.
On the other hand, in these early days of tank development, there were also concepts completely different to tanks that we know today.
One such model was the Russian Tsar Tank - an armored vehicle whose name did not live up to its awkward design.

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner
Script: Dejan Milivojevic
Narrator:

Chris Kane
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Five Armies Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
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There was a tendency to make big, strong and heavy shields that could protect a soldier’s entire body. It also had to be able to be moved around the battlefield. The only solution was to put wheels on them. These were to be known as mobile shields.
Their purpose was to provide cover to one or several soldiers that were advancing across the field or no-man's land. The idea of shields on wheels was actually born a few decades earlier, during the Cuban War, when US troops used the first movable shields.

The idea was adopted by the British and French armies and brought into service during WW1. Even though all designs included heavy steel plates that were capable of withstanding small arms fire, their use was questionable in reality.


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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)
Script: Dejan Milivojevic
Narrator:

Chris Kane
https://vocalforge.com/

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)
Script: Conan White
Narrator:

Chris Kane
https://vocalforge.com/

Animation: Maja Djokic