Is the equinox really when day = night?
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Calculate day length where you live for any date: http://www.timeanddate.com/sun/

Very cool solar angle simulator: http://astro.unl.edu/classacti....on/animations/coords

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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This is one of the weirdest mysteries of human evolution: Why do we have grandmas? From menopause to our slow maturation and super-long lifespans, humans are quite unique in the animal kingdom. Could grandma be an evolutionary secret weapon? Or is she just a surprise side effect of living long lives?

Thank you to @MamaDoctorJones Go check out her channel!

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....mystery-menopause-re

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Chapters:
0:00 Intro: Humans are weird
0:45 Nature's strangest life cycles
2:25 The whole point of evolution
4:48 The mystery of grandmas (it's menopause)
6:02 Mama Doctor Jones explains the female reproductive system
8:55 Why do humans live so long after reproductive age?
10:46 The Grandmother Hypothesis
12:50 There's just one catch… and a NEW theory!
15:12 Putting it all together
17:00 A word from our sponsor


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Since the time of the ancient Greeks, scientists have been constructing a cosmic measuring tape to measure the universe from our own backyard all the way to its ever-expanding edge: the cosmic distance ladder. In this video, we climb that ladder and explore how each rung has revealed something new and previously unthinkable about the universe we live in.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....cosmic-distance-refe

0:00 How far away are things?
1:05 Near, far, parallax that star
3:25 Island universes and Hubble's blinking star
5:51 Redshifted rainbows and the expanding universe
7:41 Supernovae and the end of everything
9:08 Conclusion: The ladder of discovery
10:00 I'm hosting a game show!



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It took about a century for black holes to go from impossible, to theoretical, to real. And it was just this year, in 2019, when we finally saw the first picture of a black hole! But how to you take a photo of something so massively dense that not even light can escape its gravitational pull? You use a telescope the size of the Earth!

This video is a bit different from most It's Okay To Be Smart videos. It's part of a new PBS miniseries called STELLAR, done in collaboration with Matt O’Dowd from PBS Space Time and Dianna Cowern from Physics Girl. Over six episodes we travel to telescopes, go inside space research centers, and chat with amazing scientists to bring you the most exciting stories about space. Next up is Matt's episode where he tells you how we discovered galaxies outside of our own. And if you missed it, check out:

**Matt O’Dowd exploring the oldest quasar ever seen at the Gemini Telescope: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqCPnXHKO5c

**Physics Girl visits LIGO to learn about gravitational waves: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtp71NT0GNg

You'll be able to see future episodes on the Physics Girl, Space Time and It’s Okay to be Smart YouTube channels, as well as the PBS Digital Studios Facebook page.

Stellar is a part of the PBS Summer of Space. They'll be lots of awesome space related content all summer long on PBS. See what's happening at https://www.pbs.org/summer-of-space/

#SummerOfSpacePBS #astrophysics #space

Hosted by Joe Hanson
Written by: Sophia Chen, Joe Hanson, Andrew Kornhaber, Eric Brown
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Editing: Pavel Ezrohi
Graphics: Murilo Lopes
Assistant Editing: Daniel Sircar
Produced By: Kornhaber Brown

Take the 2023 PBS Audience Survey: https://to.pbs.org/pbssurvey2023a1
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There are some startlingly black animals out there, whether they’re in the deep ocean or in the darkest corners of the rainforest. But humans have created some stunningly black substances too, using science and engineering. So who wins, nature or humans? In this video, I go in search of the blackest black things on Earth to see what’s really the blackest… and why.

Additional media provided by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI)
Thank you to Ryan Lavery at the Smithsonian Institution: National Museum of Natural History

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....references-blackest-

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Earth has seasons, but what about the rest of the planets in the solar system? Let’s take a tour from Mercury to Pluto and see what seasons would be like on all our planetary neighbors. Bring a sweater!

LEARN MORE:

NASA Planet Fact Sheet:
https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/

Winds of Mars:
http://bit.ly/2wvlH3p

Lakes of Titan:
https://sites.google.com/site/....alexanderghayes/Rese
http://www.nature.com/nature/j....ournal/v481/n7379/fu

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Matt Caplan, PhD
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Follow this link to more shark science videos by your favorite YouTubers!! http://bit.ly/1sugd0z

Sharks killed per hour infographic: http://bit.ly/1oXYT0Y

An estimated 100 million sharks are killed per year: http://bit.ly/1oE7uRS

Palau sharks are worth $2 million: http://nyti.ms/1kX4fua

Effect of shark overfishing on reefs: http://bit.ly/1opLhwF

Overfishing sharks led to scallop fishery collapse: https://www.sciencemag.org/content/315/5820/1846.short?related-urls=yes&legid=sci;315/5820/1846

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Camera
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews
Gaffer - John Knudsen

Theme music:
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Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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Plants can do some amazing things.
But how do they respond to their environment with no brain?
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Learn more/references:

“What a Plant Knows” by Daniel Chamovitz http://amzn.to/2bfvdOg

“The Secret Life of Plants” by Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird http://amzn.to/2bczCTf (this book is full of bad science mumbo jumbo, but it’s where the Cleve Backster story comes from)

Galil, J. "An ancient technique for ripening sycomore fruit in east-mediterranean countries." Economic Botany 22.2 (1968): 178-190.

Kost, C., & Heil, M. (2008). The Defensive Role of Volatile Emission and Extrafloral Nectar Secretion for Lima Bean in Nature. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 34(1), 2–13. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-007-9404-0

Gerbode, Sharon J., et al. "How the cucumber tendril coils and overwinds."Science 337.6098 (2012): 1087-1091.

Darwin’s writings on vines and climbing plants: http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F836&viewtype=text&pageseq=1

Darwin’s writings on plant movement: http://darwin-online.org.uk/Ed....itorialIntroductions

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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Why do we cry? It’s weird. Humans leak water out of their faces when they get sad. Are we the only animals that do this? What does it mean? What is it for? Here’s the science of human tears!

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References: http://bit.ly/2NMz5Wo


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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Axolotls are special salamanders. Not only to they stay in their juvenile form their whole lives, they can regenerate entire limbs! Studying how they do it could change the way we treat human limb injuries.

Special thanks to the Dallas Zoo!

References: http://bit.ly/2Gkoihd

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
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Editor/animator: Karl Boettcher and Derek Borsheim
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

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The dose makes the poison…
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CORRECTION: @2:14 we showed the wrong Paul Ehrlich (guy on the left). Instead of Paul Ehrlich the German doctor, we meant to show Paul Ehrlich the biologist: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich

Plants are the most important source of nutrients for pretty much all of Earth's animals, and many of the planet's bacteria and fungi too. Humans like them so much that we line them up in salad bars so we can feast upon their crunchy cronch by the plate full.

But plants don't always want to be eaten, ya know? Here's a look at some of our favorite plant flavors and how they are actually a form of chemical warfare
We owe caterpillars for spicy mustard:
http://www.pnas.org/content/ea....rly/2015/06/17/15039
http://munews.missouri.edu/new....s-releases/2015/0622

Overview of plant chemical defenses and what we use them for in the kitchen: http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter..../intropp/topics/Page

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
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Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer


Theme music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks


-----------------

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

This video is so cool, it's ICE COLD
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Glacier ice is weird. It’s solid. Solid things aren’t supposed to flow. But glacier ice flows like a liquid, and it does that without melting! How is this possible? I traveled to Mendenhall Glacier in Juneau, Alaska to find out.

Special thanks to Josh Cassidy from KQED’s Deep Look for joining me in Alaska and shooting this episode! ► https://www.youtube.com/user/KQEDDeepLook

Filmed under a Special Use Permit on the Juneau Ranger District, Tongass National Forest

Archival glacier image: Glacier Photograph Collection - National Snow and Ice Data Center

-----------
READ MORE:

Paterson, William Stanley Bryce. “The Physics of Glaciers.” Elsevier, 2016.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi/Josh Cassidy
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Cinematography: Josh Cassidy
Producer/editor/animator: Anastasiya Bulavkina
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Start your Audible trial today: http://www.audible.com/ok
Tweet this ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSmc Share on FB ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSmcFB
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Check out Destin’s video on Smarter Every Day: “DEVIL FACIAL TUMOR DISEASE” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hol33ga9G_E

“The Vital Question” by Nick Lane: http://amzn.to/1SntUdG

Further reading:
Bonner, J. T. (1998), The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol., 1: 27–36.

Grosberg, Richard K., and Richard R. Strathmann. "The evolution of multicellularity: a minor major transition?." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics (2007): 621-654.

Parfrey, Laura Wegener, and Daniel JG Lahr. "Multicellularity arose several times in the evolution of eukaryotes" Bioessays 35.4 (2013): 339-347.

Szathmary, Eors, and John Maynard Smith. "The major evolutionary transitions." NATURE 374 (1995): 16.

Szathmáry, Eörs. "Toward major evolutionary transitions theory 2.0."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112.33 (2015): 10104.

----

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Music via APM
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Try 23andMe: http://www.23andme.com/okay
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Who built the pyramids? The colossal geometric monuments found at Giza and elsewhere in Egypt are some of Earth’s most impressive constructions. Pyramids are truly wonders of the ancient and modern world.

But when the pyramids were built, the ancient Egyptians hadn’t invented the wheel, developed bronze tools, or discovered pi. How were they able to stack two million stone blocks, each weighing more than two tons, into precise geometric alignments that would survive more than 4,000 years and capture the imaginations of explorers throughout history? They did it the same way we always have: by trial and error. The true history of the pyramids is one of experimentation and science, not magic… or aliens.

-----------
REFERENCES:

Lehner, M. (1997). The complete pyramids. Thames and Hudson.

Parry, D. (2005). Engineering the pyramids. The History Press.

Verner, M. (2003). The pyramids: their archaeology and history. Atlantic.

Verner, M. (2007). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove/Atlantic, Inc..


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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
Producer/editor/animator: Andrew Orsak
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Slime molds are intelligent, but they are single-celled creatures with no brains.
How is that possible?
↓ More info and sources below ↓

I really hope you guys check out Deep Look, it’s one of my favorite channels, full of great 4K, micro-world goodness! http://goo.gl/8NwXqt

Many thanks to Prof. Andy Adamatzky (UWE Bristol) for slime mold culturing advice.

Special thanks to the following for providing Dictyostelium microscope footage:
Prof. John Bonner (Princeton)
Prof. David Knecht (Univ. of Connecticut)
Prof. Richard Firtel (UCSD)
Prof. Jeremy Pickett-Heaps (Univ. of Melbourne)

References/further reading:
“Intelligence in Nature” by Jeremy Narby http://amzn.to/23HvtKG
“The Social Amoebae - The Biology of Cellular Slime Molds” by John Bonner http://amzn.to/1MEmmCR

Nakagaki, Toshiyuki. "Smart behavior of true slime mold in a labyrinth."Research in Microbiology 152.9 (2001): 767-770.
Nakagaki, Toshiyuki, Hiroyasu Yamada, and Masahiko Hara. "Smart network solutions in an amoeboid organism." Biophysical chemistry 107.1 (2004): 1-5.
Adamatzky, Andrew. Physarum machines: computers from slime mould. Vol. 74. World Scientific, 2010.

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Like us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Music via APM
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AKA "The Brazil Nut Effect" but brazil nuts are blah
You can learn more at https://curiositystream.com/smart
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

The bottom of the cereal box is a disappointing place. But at least now you know why. Where do you see the Brazil Nut Effect around you?

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Fyfluiddynamics: https://www.youtube.com/user/fyfluiddynamics
Origin of Everything: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCiB8h9jD2Mlxx96ZF

REFERENCES:


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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Derek Borsheim and Sara Roma
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Science is delicious!

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

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Franklin BBQ: https://franklinbarbecue.com/

Basic BBQ science:
http://bbq.tamu.edu/bbq-science/
http://amazingribs.com/tips_an....d_technique/meat_sci

Chemistry smoke ring:
http://amazingribs.com/tips_an....d_technique/mythbust

Thermodynamics of BBQ cooking
http://amazingribs.com/tips_an....d_technique/thermody

The dreaded "stall":
http://amazingribs.com/tips_an....d_technique/the_stal

Does BBQ smoke contain carcinogens?:
http://chemistry.about.com/b/2....013/05/05/barbeque-c

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
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Music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

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Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

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If the sun instantly switched off like a light bulb–which can’t happen, by the way–then we wouldn’t know for almost 8 and a half minutes. Light travels at the fastest speed there is, but it still takes almost 500 seconds to get to Earth. That’s how long it would take before we knew the sun went dark. But the most amazing thing about the sunlight we see is it’s actually really old. SUPER old. AMAZINGLY OLD! Tens of thousands of years old. How is that possible? Because of the physics and mathematics of random walks.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....how-old-is-sunlight-

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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A summertime look at why we sweat, why we burn, and why our fingers wrinkle in the pool.

References/further reading:
Eccrine and apocrine sweat glands: https://www.inkling.com/read/d....ermatology-bolognia-

"Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?" M. Changizi et al, Brain Behav Evol 2011 http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/328223

(Not everyone agrees with the rain tread hypothesis, though: http://www.plosone.org/article..../info%3Adoi%2F10.137

Sunburn/UV light triggers immune response: http://www.nature.com/nm/journ....al/v18/n8/full/nm.28

UV-A rays and Unilateral Dermoheliosis (the truck driver's face) http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/1....0.1056/NEJMicm110405

DNA damage and repair and their role in carcinogenesis http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21554/

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews
Gaffer - John Knudsen

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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The science of-- OH GOD IS THAT A SPIDER?!

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I'm scared of spiders. I'm not afraid to admit it. I love them in a scientific sense, or from a "let me look at you from way over here" sense, but that's as close as I get.

Here's a look at the science of why some of us are afraid of spiders, snakes, roaches, and other creepy crawlies. Did I evolve to be this way, or did I learn to be afraid of them? It seems to be an open question…

How dangerous ARE spiders? http://burkemuseum.blogspot.co....m/2010/09/q-how-dang

Humans may have evolved to pick out spiders and snakes from environment: http://www.apa.org/news/press/....releases/2001/09/sna

The overlapping worlds of fear conditioning from innate fear: http://instruct.uwo.ca/psychol....ogy/371g/Ohman2001.p

Doctor Who study suggests that spider fear may not be innate: http://www.wired.com/2014/01/d....octor-who-and-spider

Most common phobias: http://psychology.about.com/od..../phobias/p/commonpho

Adults and kids pick out creepy animals quicker than non-creepy animals: http://www.livescience.com/2348-fear-snakes.html

Children report spiders as a top fear: http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/S

List of clips featured in this episode: http://bit.ly/1xFhdO9

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Stephen Bohls - Editing/Motion Graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Thumbnail photo: specnaz/Shutterstock

Stock images via Shutterstock

Music: "Two Boys and a Girl" - Podington Bear

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Explore the DESI universe map here: https://newscenter.lbl.gov/202....4/04/04/desi-first-r

Another YouTube #shorts from Dr. Joe! Subscribe for more fun science stories.

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Are humans nature’s greatest architects? When we look elsewhere in nature, we find some pretty amazing animal architects. Species like ants, termites, prairie dogs, birds, and more have engineered some incredible structures. This week we look at how a few of these species have mastered physics to install air conditioning in their homes!

Special thanks to Dianna Cowern AKA Physics Girl for helping us get the physics right in this video! https://www.youtube.com/user/physicswoman

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REFERENCES:

Gould, James L., and Carol Grant Gould. Animal architects: building and the evolution of intelligence. Basic Books (AZ), 2007.

Hansell, M. (2007). Built by animals: the natural history of animal architecture. OUP Oxford.

Cosarinsky, M. I., & Roces, F. (2012). The construction of turrets for nest ventilation in the grass-cutting ant Atta vollenweideri: import and assembly of building materials. Journal of Insect Behavior, 25(3), 222-241.

Kleineidam, C., Ernst, R., & Roces, F. (2001). Wind-induced ventilation of the giant nests of the leaf-cutting ant Atta vollenweideri. Naturwissenschaften, 88(7), 301-305.

King, H., Ocko, S., & Mahadevan, L. (2015). Termite mounds harness diurnal temperature oscillations for ventilation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(37), 11589-11593.

Vogel, S., Ellington, C. P., & Kilgore, D. L. (1973). Wind-induced ventilation of the burrow of the prairie-dog, Cynomys ludovicianus. Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 85(1), 1-14.

Bahadori, M. M. (1978). Passive cooling systems in Iranian architecture. Sci. Am.;(United States), 238(2).

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
Producer/editor/animator: Andrew Matthews
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
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I’ve explained a lot of weird bodily functions on this show but there’s one that we haven’t covered that’s always confused me: Tickling. What are you for, tickling? What’s the point of you? Why do you exist? Why do you make us laugh even though we hate you? Let’s dig into our evolutionary past to try and find an answer.

References:

Laughing, tickling, and speech http://untiredwithloving.org/dhahak.pdf
Pathogenic laughter https://n.neurology.org/content/64/12/2154.short
Tickling review http://charris.ucsd.edu/articl....es/Harris_EHB2012.pd
Darwin-Hecker http://charris.ucsd.edu/articles/Harris&Christenfeld_CE1997.pdf
Early thoughts https://www.jstor.org/stable/1....411471?seq=1#page_sc
Neural correlates of laughter https://academic.oup.com/cerco....r/article/23/6/1280/
Neural correlates of laughter https://academic.oup.com/brain..../article/126/10/2121 Experience of pleasure https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6877978
Tickling and laughter https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
Ticklish rats https://science.sciencemag.org..../content/354/6313/75
Social laughter and pain https://royalsocietypublishing.....org/doi/full/10.109


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What do raindrops look like? Exactly how we drew them as kids, right? Wrong! Teardrop-shaped rain is physically impossible. This week I went inside a vertical wind tunnel to bring you the true shape of rain.

Special thanks to iFly Indoor Skydiving in Austin, TX! Learn more about their STEM field trips: https://www.iflyworld.com/prog....rams/stem-field-trip

REFERENCES:

Dr. Scot Martin, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry at Harvard University https://www.seas.harvard.edu/directory/smartin

Terminal Velocity of Raindrops Aloft
https://journals.ametsoc.org/d....oi/10.1175/1520-0450

The Terminal Velocity of Fall for Water Droplets in Stagnant Air
https://journals.ametsoc.org/d....oi/pdf/10.1175/1520-

Single-Drop Fragmentation Determines Size Distribution of Raindrops
https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys1340



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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Derek Borsheim
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
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