So today Craig is going to talk about where our political opinions come from. Of course, most people’s politics are grounded in their ideologies, but there are also other external influences such as the government itself, interest groups, and the media. So we're going to talk about how these influencers factor into the overall public opinion and how their roles have changed over time. Now this stuff may seem like common sense, but it’s important to know where our opinions come from, especially when you consider how quickly the media landscape is changing.

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Last week we introduced the idea of socialization and today we’re talking a little more about how it works, including an introduction to five main types of socialization. We’ll explore anticipatory socialization from your family, the “hidden curriculum” in schools, peer groups, the role of media in socialization, and we’ll discuss total institutions and how they can act as a form of re-socialization.

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***

References:

Coleman, James S. 1961. The Adolescent Society: The Social Life of the Teenager and Its Impact on Education. NY: The Free Press

Hill, David, et al. "Media and young minds." Pediatrics (2016): e20162591.

Vittrup, Brigitte, and George W. Holden. "Exploring the impact of educational television and parent–child discussions on children's racial attitudes." Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 11.1 (2011): 82-104.

Kearney, Melissa S., and Phillip B. Levine. "Media influences on social outcomes: The impact of MTV's 16 and pregnant on teen childbearing." The American Economic Review 105.12 (2015): 3597-3632.

***

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So we ended last episode at the start of the 20th century with special purpose computing devices such as Herman Hollerith’s tabulating machines. But as the scale of human civilization continued to grow as did the demand for more sophisticated and powerful devices. Soon these cabinet-sized electro-mechanical computers would grow into room-sized behemoths that were prone to errors. But is was these computers that would help usher in a new era of computation - electronic computing.

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In which Craig Benzine talks about the structure of the U.S. court system and how exactly it manages to keep things moving smoothly. You'll learn about trial courts, district courts, appeals courts, circuit courts, state supreme courts, and of course the one at the top - the U.S. Supreme Court. It’s all quite a bit to manage with jurisdictions and such, but it's important to remember that the vast majority of cases never even make it to court! Most are settled out of court, but also terms like mootness and ripeness are used to throw cases out altogether. Today, we're going to focus on how cases make it to the top, and next week we’ll talk about what happens when they get there.

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So, what is geography? In our first episode of Crash Course Geography, we will endeavor to answer this seemingly simple question with the help of a similarly simple factoid: that the US imports more than 3 billion pounds of bananas from Guatemala each year. But as it turns out, beneath the kinds of factoids we usually associate with Geography are much grander stories that really are Geography. So let's go a little bananas as we explore the sordid history of the Chiquita banana.

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[SOURCES]

http://sethrainforestecosystem.....weebly.com/the-rain
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.....com/essay/plantatio
https://www.tripsavvy.com/moun....t-everest-facts-1458
https://time.com/3923694/mount....-everest-nepal-earth
https://sajana1231.wordpress.c....om/2011/05/02/enviro
https://adventure.howstuffwork....s.com/outdoor-activi
https://theodora.com/wfbcurren....t/guatemala/guatemal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_origin
https://www.nytimes.com/1991/0....4/19/world/cholera-k
https://www.history.com/topics..../inventions/history-
https://www.farmingindia.in/banana-cultivation/
http://new-ag.info/en/country/profile.php?a=842
https://www.worldatlas.com/art....icles/where-do-ameri
https://insteading.com/blog/gl....obal-agriculture-thr
https://fews.net/sites/default..../files/documents/rep
https://www.mapsofworld.com/la....t_long/guatemala-lat
https://www.touropia.com/volcanoes-in-guatemala/
https://www.touropia.com/touri....st-attractions-in-gu
https://www.findlatitudeandlon....gitude.com/l/Tikal%2

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Continuing with last week's calculus introduction, Shini leads us through how integrals can help us figure out things like distance when we have several other essential bits of information. Say, for instance, you wanted to know how far your window was off the ground. You can figure that out by using integrals, a tennis ball, and a stopwatch! It's all here in this episode of Crash Course Physics!


***
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***

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This week Craig is going to give you a broad overview of elections in the United States. So as you may have noticed, there are kind of a lot of people in the U.S, and holding individual issues up to a public vote doesn't seem particularly plausible. So to deal with this complexity, we vote for people, not policies, that represent our best interests. But as you'll see, this process was not thoroughly addressed in the Constitution, so there have been a number of amendments and laws at the state level implemented to create the election system we all know and (maybe) love today.

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And now we return to blood vessels. In this episode, we start discussing what blood pressure is, how it can become "high", and what that means for our health. One of the more interesting points is that your body has ways of dealing with high blood pressure, but they're not ways we want our bodies to operate on a full-time basis. And why can't we butter our bacon? WHY!?!?!

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

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Chapters:
Introduction: High Blood Pressure 00:00
Cardiac Output - How Blood Flows 1:36
Blood Pressure & Resistance 2:17
Blood Flow Formula 3:07
Short Term Blood Pressure Regulation 3:54
Long Term Blood Pressure Regulation 5:44
Chronic High Blood Pressure 6:22
Review 8:15
Credits 8:42

***

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***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***

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FROM: Chase Boyajian

In the darkest times, hope is something you give yourself.

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Lets all make a podcast

***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***

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Today, Craig is going to talk about political parties and their role in American politics. So, when most people think about political parties they associate them with the common ideologies of the voters and representatives within that party, but the goal of a party is NOT to influence policies. The role of political parties is much simpler: to win control of the government. So today, we’re going got talk about why we have political parties in the first place and then finish with the five functions they use in reaching that goal. It’s a lot to cover, so next week we’ll talk about what each political party stands for and how that has changed historically.

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This week Craig Benzine discusses bureaucracies. Bureaucracies tend to be associated with unintelligible rules and time-wasting procedures, but they play an important, though controversial, role in governing. From the FDA to the EPA, these agencies were established to help the government manage and carry out laws much more efficiently - to bring rule-making and enforcement closer to the experts. But the federal bureaucracy (which is part of the executive branch) has a lot of power and sometimes acts like Congress in creating regulations and like the courts through administrative adjudications. It's all a bit problematic for that whole "separation of powers" thing. So we'll talk about that too, and the arguments for and against increased federal bureaucracy.

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Chapters:
Introduction: Craig does paperwork 00:00
What is bureaucracy? 0:51
What do bureaucrats do? 1:34
Bureaucracy & division of powers 2:19
Bureaucracy & regulations 2:43
Bureaucracy & administrative adjudications 3:36
Why do we have bureaucracy? 4:15
Credits 6:25

--
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Bridges... bridges, bridges, bridges. We talk a lot about bridges in physics. Why? Because there is A LOT of practical physics that can be learned from the planning and construction of them. In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini talks to us about a particular mistake made in engineering the Millennium Bridge which allows us to talk about simple harmonic motion.

--

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This week Craig Benzine talks about what happens when a case makes it to the Supreme Court of the United States (or the SCOTUS). We're going to focus on court procedure today. We talk about how to petition to get your case heard, how written arguments, or briefs, are made, what actually happens on the courtroom floor, and of course the variety of ways the SCOTUS issues opinions on cases.

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In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank has a look at that oh-so-troublesome time in everyone's life: Adolescence! He talks about identity, individuality, and The Breakfast Club.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: The Breakfast Club 00:00
Erikson's 8 Stages of Progressive Psychosocial Development 2:05
Adolescence: Identity vs. Role Confusion 2:51
Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation 3:39
Middle Adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation 4:35
Late Adulthood: Integrity vs. Despair 5:10
Physical Changes in Adulthood 5:57
Fluid & Crystallized Intelligence 6:50
Dementia & Alzheimer's Disease 8:10
Review & Credits 9:25
--
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Today, we’re going to wrap up our discussion of economic policy by looking at government regulation. We're going to talk about the government's goals for the U.S. economy and the policies it employs to achieve those goals. Ever since the New Deal, we've seen an increased role of the government within the economy - even with the deregulation initiatives of President Carter and Reagan in the 80's. Now this is all pretty controversial and we're going to talk about it, as this is a long way from the federal government handed down by the framers of the constitution.

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Functional groups? Functional groups within functional groups? Hank takes today's Crash Course video to discuss some confusing ideas about Hydrocarbon Derivatives but then makes it all make more sense.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
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--
Table of Contents

Alcohols 1:53
Hydroxyl Groups 3:51
Aldehydes 2:47
Carboxylic Acid 4:06
Acetone is a Ketone 4:43
Ethers and Esters 5:49
Amines 6:39

--

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So today Craig is going to look at political ideology in America. We're going to focus on liberals and conservatives and talk about the influencers of both of these viewpoints. Now, it's important to remember that political ideologies don't always perfectly correspond with political parties, and this correspondence becomes less and less likely over time. So, sure we can say that Democrats tend to be liberal and Republicans tend to be conservative, but we're not going to be talking about political parties in this episode. It's also important to note, that there are going to be a lot of generalizations here, as most peoples' ideologies fall on a spectrum, but we're going to try our best *crosses fingers* to summarize the most commonly held viewpoints for each of these positions as they are used pretty frequently in discussions of American politics.

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The Physics we're talking about today has saved your life! Whenever you walk across a bridge or lean on a building, Statics are at work. Statics is the study of objects when they're NOT accelerating. In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini talks to us about stretching, compressing, and springing as they relate to statics! Also... Game of Thrones.

--

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Today we kick off Crash Course Sociology by explaining what exactly sociology is. We’ll introduce the sociological perspective and discuss how sociology differentiates itself from the other social sciences. We’ll also explore what sociology can do, and how a concern with social problems was at the center of sociology's beginnings.

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***

Marriage Equality Decision Day Rally photo by Elvert Barnes: https://www.flickr.com/photos/....perspective/18997209

***

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Today Hank talks about your central nervous system. In this episode, we'll explore how your brain develops and how important location is for each of your brain's many functions.

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Chapters:
Introduction: Broca's Aphasia 00:00
Central Nervous System Structure & Function 1:48
Brain Development: Neural Tube 3:27
Brain Development: 3 Primary Vesicles 3:47
Brain Development: 5 Secondary Vesicles 4:04
Brain Development: Major Adult Brain Regions 4:18
Brain Development: Cerebellum & Brain Stem 4:42
Brain Development: Reptilian Brain 5:45
Brain Development: Cerebral Hemispheres 6:35
The Brain's Lobes 7:35
Review 9:14
Credits 9:48

***
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***

Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:

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What's that smell? Smell's like Organic Chemistry! This week Hank talks about Aromatics and Cyclic Compounds, naming their substituents, resonance, and common reactions & uses.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents

Cyclic Organic Compounds & Naming Their Constituents 1:06
Aromatic Compounds 3:02
Resonance 3:18
Naming Aromatic Compounds 5:05
Common Reactions & Uses 7:24

--

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