The Protestant Reformation didn't exactly begin with Martin Luther, and it didn't end with him either. Reformers and monarchs changed the ways that religious and state power were organized throughout the 16th and early 17th centuries. Jean Calvin in France and Switzerland, the Tudors in England, and the Hugenots in France also made major contributions to the Reformation.

Sources
Hunt, Lynn. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford St. Martins, 2019. Ch. 14.
Kelley, Donald R. The Beginning of Ideology: Consciousness and Society in the French Reformation. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Lindberg, Carter. The European Reformations. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley Blackwell, 2010.


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Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Zach Van Stanley, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Naman Goel, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
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#history #crashcourse #europeanhistory

In which John teaches you about the Seven Years' War, which may have lasted nine years. Or as many as 23. It was a very confusing war. The Seven Years War was a global war, fought on five continents, which is kind of a lot. John focuses on the war as it happened in the Americas, Asia, and Africa. the "great" European powers were the primary combatants, but they fought just about everywhere. Of course, this being a history course, the outcomes of this war still resonate in our lives today. The Seven Years' war determined the direction of the British Empire and led pretty directly to the subject of Episode 28, the American Revolution.

Chapters:
Introduction: War 00:00
The Seven Years War: When, Where, and Why 1:43
The British vs. the French 2:52
Native American Participation in The Seven Years War 4:04
Fighting in the Caribbean, West Africa, and India 6:16
An Open Letter to Robert Clive 8:30
The Outcome of the Seven Years War 9:47
Credits 11:29

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Today we’re rounding out our planetary tour with ice giants Uranus and Neptune. Both have small rocky cores, thick mantles of ammonia, water, and methane, and atmospheres that make them look greenish and blue. Uranus has a truly weird rotation and relatively dull weather, while Neptune has clouds and storms whipped by tremendous winds. Both have rings and moons, with Neptune’s Triton probably being a captured iceball that has active geology.

This episode was brought to you by Squarespace http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Uranus 00:00
Uranus's Structure 1:35
Uranus's Atmosphere 2:53
Uranus's Weird Tilt 3:55
Uranus's Moons 5:12
Uranus's Rings 6:00
Neptune's Structure 6:35
Neptune's Atmosphere 7:02
Neptune's Magnetic Field & Rings 8:10
Triton: Neptune's Largest Moon 8:36
The Discovery of Neptune 9:52
Review 11:27
--

PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

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--

PHOTOS/VIDEOS
Uranus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V....oyager_2#/media/File [credit: NASA/JPL/Voyager mission]
Neptune https://www.nasa.gov/content/2....5-years-ago-voyager- [credit: NASA]
King George III http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G....eorge_III_of_the_Uni
Uranus from Earth picture by Phil Plait
Uranus, Earth size comparison http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:Uranus,_Earth_si [credit: NASA]
Uranus core, reconstructed from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:Uranus-intern-en [credit: Wikimedia Commons]
Uranus http://www.spacetelescope.org/....static/archives/imag [credit: NASA, ESA, L. Sromovsky and P. Fry (University of Wisconsin), H. Hammel (Space Science Institute), and K. Rages (SETI Institute)]
Uranus storms http://www.keckobservatory.org..../images/made/images/ [credit: Imke de Pater (UC–Berkeley)/Keck Observatory]
Uranus and rings (tilt demonstration) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U....ranus#/media/File:Ur [credit: Hubble Space Telescope - NASA Marshall Space Flight Center]
Uranus with rings and moons http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0237a/ [credit: ESO]
Miranda http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M....oons_of_Uranus#/medi [credit: NASA]
Verona Rupes http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110404.html [credit: NASA]
Neptune’s Interior https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/m....ultimedia/display.cf [credit: Lunar and Planetary Institute]
Neptune clouds http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:Neptune_clouds.j [credit: NASA]
Neptune’s Great Dark Spot http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N....eptune#/media/File:N [credit: NASA / Jet Propulsion Lab]
Neptune’s Rings http://www.rolfolsenastrophoto....graphy.com/Astrophot [credit: Rolf Wahl Olsen / NASA/JPL (Voyager 2, NASA Planetary Data System)]
Triton http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T....riton_(moon)#/media/ [credit: NASA / Jet Propulsion Lab / U.S. Geological Survey]
Triton flipped http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:PIA01538_Triton_ [credit: NASA/JPL]
Triton Nitrogen Geysers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T....riton_(moon)#/media/ NASA]

In which John Green teaches you about American women in the Progressive Era and, well, the progress they made. So the big deal is, of course, the right to vote women gained when the 19th amendment was passed and ratified. But women made a lot of other gains in the 30 years between 1890 and 1920. More women joined the workforce, they acquired lots of other legal rights related to property, and they also became key consumers in the industrial economy. Women also continued to play a vital role in reform movements. Sadly, they got Prohibition enacted in the US, but they did a lot of good stuff, too. The field of social work emerged as women like Jane Addams created settlement houses to assist immigrants in their integration into the United States. Women also began to work to make birth control widely available. You'll learn about famous reformers and activists like Alice Paul, Margaret Sanger, and Emma Goldman, among others.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Suffragists faced a decades-long debate on women’s right to vote: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/address-to-congres
While it was a hard fight to get the vote, women eventually received suffrage in 1920: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/was-hard-fight-to-

Chapters:
Introduction: Women in the Progressive Era 00:00
The Women's Era 1:01
The Women's Christian Temperance Union 1:54
The Role of Women in Politics During the Progressive Era 2:52
National Consumers League 3:15
Women Working Outside the Home 4:08
Mystery Document 4:58
Birth Control 5:57
Why Access to Birth Control Matters 7:07
Jane Addams & The Settlement House Movement 7:47
Women and Electoral Politics 8:13
The 19th Amendment 8:42
The Suffrage Movement 9:03
The National Women's Party 9:44
The Equal Rights Amendment 11:03
The Legacy of the Suffragettes 12:13
Credits 13:00

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Radio, Cinema, and Television have been staples in news coverage, entertainment, and education for almost 100 years. But... where did they all come from? Who started what and when and why? In this episode, Hank Green talks to us about their birth and a dead elephant.

***

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--

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Today we're learning about the Transatlantic Slave Trade, which brought millions of captive Africans to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries, with the largest number of people trafficked between 1700 and 1808. We'll look at the ships and crews that brought enslaved people across the ocean via what was known as the Middle Passage and explore the horrific conditions that these captives endured.  


SOURCES

Africans in America: The Terrible Transformation 1450-1750. PBS. https://to.pbs.org/3botPFQ

The Atlantic Slave Trade: Crash Course World History. https://youtu.be/dnV_MTFEGIY

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, The African by Olaudah Equiano. https://bit.ly/3uKSYSN

Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion, Volume 1 edited by Junius P. Rodriguez https://bit.ly/3bk4Nb9

Lepore, J. (2005). A World of Possibilities: Slavery and Freedom in Dutch New Amsterdam. In I. Berlin and L. Harris (Eds.), Slavery in New York (p. 57 – 90).

Gomez, Melissa. Charleston Apologizes for City’s Role in Slave Trade. New York Times, June 19, 2018 https://nyti.ms/3fdEVyN



Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Check out Clint's book, How the Word is Passed: https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, Nick, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Laura Damon, Andrei Krishkevich, Sam Ferguson, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Brian Thomas Gossett, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Jason A Saslow, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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SOURCES

Africans in America: The Terrible Transformation 1450-1750. PBS. https://to.pbs.org/3botPFQ

The Atlantic Slave Trade: Crash Course World History. https://youtu.be/dnV_MTFEGIY

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, The African by Olaudah Equiano. https://bit.ly/3uKSYSN

Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion, Volume 1 edited by Junius P. Rodriguez https://bit.ly/3bk4Nb9

Lepore, J. (2005). A World of Possibilities: Slavery and Freedom in Dutch New Amsterdam. In I. Berlin and L. Harris (Eds.), Slavery in New York (p. 57 – 90).

Gomez, Melissa. Charleston Apologizes for City’s Role in Slave Trade. New York Times, June 19, 2018 https://nyti.ms/3fdEVyN


#crashcourse #history #slavery

Dihydrogen monoxide (better known as water) is the key to nearly everything. It falls from the sky, makes up 60% of our bodies, and just about every chemical process related to life takes place with it or in it. Without it, none of the chemical reactions that keep us alive would happen - none of the reactions that sustain any life form on earth would happen - and the majority of inorganic chemical reactions that shape the surface of the earth would not happen either. Every one of us uses water for all kinds of chemistry every day - our body chemistry, our food chemistry, and our laundry chemistry all take place in water.

In today's Crash Course Chemistry, we use Hank's actual dirty laundry (ew) to learn about some of the properties of water that make it so special - its polarity and dielectric property; how electrolytes can be used to classify solutions; and we discover how to calculate a solution's molarity as well as how to dilute a solution using the dilution equation.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
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Table of Contents
Polarity 02:40
Dielectric Property 04:13
Electrolytes 04:29
Molarity 08:46
Dilution 10:56

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The next entry in our parade of heroes is Rama, the protagonist of the Ramayana, one of India’s oldest stories. We’re going to be talking about Rama’s importance to Hindu culture, and how Rama fits into Campbell’s idea of the Hero’s Journey. Although, Rama may not even be the hero.

***

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Mark, Truman Way, Thomas Frank, Indika Siriwardena, D.A. Noe, Cami Wilson, Khaled El Shalakany, Shawn Arnold, Tom Trval, mark austin, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Kathrin Janßen, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Bob Kunz, Nathan Taylor, Eric Prestemon, Les Aker, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jessica Wode, Brian Thomas Gossett, Caleb Weeks, Jirat, Tim Curwick, Eric Kitchen, Daniel Baulig, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, SR Foxley, Jason A Saslow
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Hank imagines himself breaking into the Hot Pockets factory to steal their secret recipes and instruction manuals in order to help us understand how the processes known as DNA transcription and translation allow our cells to build proteins.

Table of Contents:
1) Transcription 2:12
A) Transcription Unit 3:00
B) Promoter 3:10
C) TATA Box 3:32
D) RNA Polymerase 4:12
E) mRNA 4:15
F) Termination signal 5:21
G) 5' Cap & Poly-A Tail 5:34
2) RNA Splicing 6:08
A) SNuRPs & Spliceosome 6:26
B) Exons & Introns 6:56
3) Translation 7:28
A) mRNA & tRNA 8:01
B) Triplet Codons & Anticodons 8:39
4) Folding & Protein Structure 10:51
A) Primary Structure 11:11
B) Secondary Structure 11:23
C) Tertiary Structure 11:58
D) Quaternary Structure 12:44

Links to episodes referenced in the video:
DNA structure episode: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kK2zwjRV0M
Animal cells episode: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cj8dDTHGJBY
Fold-it SciShow episode: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdBcpdH_ptA

This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"IMPresora.wav" by melack
"swishes.wav" by pogotron

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In 1910, 90% of Black Americans lived in the South. By 1940, around 1.5 million Black Americans had left their homes, and 77% lived in the South. By 1970, 52% of Black Americans remained in the South. People moved away for many reasons, including increased opportunity in the more industrial North and West. They sought a relatively safer life away from the lynchings and violence that were concentrated in the South. This Great Migration shaped 20th-century America in countless ways, but we're going to try to count some of them in this video.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

VIDEO SOURCES
https://www.cnn.com/politics/l....ive-news/georgia-vot
Davarian Baldwin, Chicago’s New Negroes: Modernity, the Great Migration, and Urban Black Life (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2007).
Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration (New York: Random House, 2010).
https://www.britannica.com/topic/sharecropping
The Origins of Southern Sharecropping, Edward Royce, 1993


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DL Singfield, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Shannon McCone, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Brian Zachariah, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Oscar Pinto-Reyes, Erin Nicole, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie, Jaime Willis, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, neil matatall, TheDaemonCatJr, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Matthew, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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#crashcourse #history #blackhistory

Ideas like liberty, freedom, and self-determination were hot stuff in the late 18th century, as evidenced by our recent revolutionary videos. Although freedom was breaking out all over, many of the societies that were touting these ideas relied on slave labor. Few places in the world relied so heavily on slave labor as Saint-Domingue, France's most profitable colony. Slaves made up nearly 90% of Saint-Domingue's population, and in 1789 they couldn't help but hear about the revolution underway in France. All the talk of liberty, equality, and fraternity sounded pretty good to a person in bondage, and so the slaves rebelled. This led to not one but two revolutions and ended up with France, the rebels, Britain, and Spain all fighting in the territory. Spoiler alert: the slaves won. So how did the slaves of what would become Haiti throw off the yoke of one of the world's great empires? John Green tells how they did it, and what it has meant in Haiti and in the rest of the world.

Chapters:
Introduction: The Haitian Revolution 00:00
The Saint-Domingue Colony 0:30
Slavery in Haiti 3:08
Radical Petit Blancs 4:24
Toussaint L'ouverture Leads Saint-Domingue to Independence 5:37
Revolution Part 2: France Returns 7:45
An Open Letter to Disease 9:10
Haiti Gains Independence 10:13
Why the Haitian Revolutions Matter 10:58
Credits 11:49

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In which John Green teaches you about the War of 1812. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and its former colonial overlord England. It started in, you guessed it 1812. The war lasted until 1815, and it resolved very little. John will take you through the causes of the war, tell you a little bit about the fighting itself, and get into just why the US Army couldn't manage to make any progress invading Canada. And yes, Canadians, we're going to talk about the White House getting burned down. The upshot: no territory changed hands, and most of the other bones of contention were solved prior to the actual war. Although nothing much changed for the US and England, the Native Americans were the big losers. Tecumseh was killed, and the Indian tribes lost a lot of their territory. Watch as John lays it all out for you.

Chapters:
Introduction: The War of 1812 00:00
Causes for The War of 1812 - British Impressment of American Sailors 0:44
Henry Clay and the Warhawks 2:13
Americans Wanted Canada 3:02
Mystery Document 3:42
Expansion into Native American Territory 4:19
Tecumseh and the Battle of Tippecanoe 4:57
The U.S.'s First Declaration of War 6:32
Battles of The War of 1812 7:19
The Treaty of Ghent 9:45
Outcomes of The War of 1812 10:23
The Hartford Convention 11:03
American Nationalism After The War of 1812 11:31
Credits 12:09

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In which John Green teaches you about the New Deal, which was president Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to pull the United States out of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Did it work? Maybe. John will teach you about some of the most effective and some of the best-known programs of the New Deal. They weren't always the same thing. John will tell you who supported the New Deal, and who opposed it. He'll also get into how the New Deal changed the relationship between the government and citizens, and will even reveal just how the Depression ended. (hint: it was war spending)

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. President Roosevelt developed his New Deal policies to ease the economic burdens of the Great Depression, a grim reality he began to tackle with his first fireside chat: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/president-roosevel
In his Economic Bill of Rights, FDR tried to get the country to trust its banks again: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/the-economic-bill-

Chapters:
Introduction: The New Deal 00:00
The New Deal 0:53
FDR's Election 1:20
The 3 R's of the New Deal 2:24
The First New Deal 3:30
The National Industrial Recovery Act 4:20
The Tennessee Valley Authority 5:15
The Agricultural Adjustment Act 5:42
Supreme Court Interventions 6:17
FDR's Court Packing Controversy 6:48
The Second New Deal 7:43
The Wagner Act & the National Labor Relations Board 7:56
Mystery Document 8:11
CIO Unions 8:49
The Social Security Act 9:49
The Works Progress Administration 10:33
Political Party Alignments in the New Deal Era 11:18
Did the New Deal end the Great Depression? 12:27
Legacy of the New Deal 13:05
Credits 14:24

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Many organizations have made it their mission to expand the rights of Black Americans. The NAACP and the Urban League are examples of influential organizations with long histories. But a long history or extensive membership isn't always necessary to have an impact. Today, we'll learn about the Black Panthers. They were a relatively small, relatively short-lived political party that had an outsized impact on US history.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/books/how....-the-word-is-passed-

Sources and References
Peniel E. Joseph, Waiting ’ Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America (New York: Henry Holt, 2006).
Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, With the assistance of Alex Haley (New York: Ballantine, 1992).
Manning Marable, Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention (New York: Viking Press, 2011).
Ilyasah Shabazz, Growing up X: A Memoir by the Mother of Malcolm X (Penguin, 2003).
Robyn Spencer, The Revolution Has Come: Black Power, Gender, and the Black Panther Party in Oakland (Duke University Press, 2016).

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Justin Snyder, April Frazier, Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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Our final episodes of Anatomy & Physiology explore the way your body keeps all that complex, intricate stuff alive and healthy -- your immune system. The immune system’s responses begin with physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, and when they’re not enough, there are phagocytes -- the neutrophils and macrophages. It also features the awesomely named natural killer cells and the inflammatory response, and we'll explain how all of these elements work together to save the day if you happen to slip on a banana peel.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Chapters:
Introduction: Immune System 00:00
Skin as a Physical Barrier 1:47
Mucous Membranes 2:25
Phagocytes: Neutrophils and Macrophages 3:17
Natural Killer Cells 4:29
Inflammatory Response 5:16
Review 8:03

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"Reformat" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks

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Today we're going to take a look at mineral extraction -- or the removal of rocks and minerals from the Earths' crust -- and examine how this human activity impacts all aspects of Geography. We'll focus on the Democratic Republic of the Congo and take a look at how the mining of minerals such as cobalt, has significantly impacted life in this region.

Sources
https://docs.google.com/docume....nt/d/1YdZ--u297RHCKL

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Shannon McCone, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Jaime Willis, Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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#CrashCourse #Geography #Mining

In today’s episode, Hank asks you to consider all the ways people talk about justice and what we really mean when we use that word. We’ll explain various theories of justice, just distribution, and different approaches to punishment.

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All other images and video either public domain or via VideoBlocks, or Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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In which John Green kicks off Crash Course US History! Why, you may ask, are we covering US History, and not more World History, or the history of some other country, or the very specific history of your home region? Well, the reasons are many. But, like it or not, the United States has probably meddled in your country to some degree in the last 236 years or so, and that means US History is relevant all over the world. In episode 1, John talks about the Native Americans who lived in what is now the US prior to European contact. This is a history class, not archaeology, so we're mainly going to cover written history. That means we start with the first sustained European settlement in North America, and that means the Spanish. The Spanish have a long history with the natives of the Americas, and not all of it was positive. The Spanish were definitely not peaceful colonizers, but what colonizers are peaceful? Colonization pretty much always results in an antagonistic relationship with the locals. John teaches you about early Spanish explorers, settlements, and what happened when they didn't get along with the indigenous people. The story of their rocky relations has been called the Black Legend. Which is not a positive legend.

Chapters:
Introduction to Crash Course US History 00:00
Native North Americans 0:45
Were Native North Americans 'Primitive?' 1:08
Native North American Populations 1:52
Life in Pre-Columbian America 3:06
Class and Society in Native American Tribes 4:25
Spanish Colonization in North America 5:32
Mystery Document 7:58
The Problem with the Black Legend 9:31
Credits 10:46

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This week, Stan Muller teaches you how intellectual property law functions internationally. Like, between countries. Well, guess what. There's kind of no such thing as international law. But we can talk about treaties. There is a bevy of international treaties that regulate how countries deal with each others' IP. The upside is that this cooperation tends to foster international trade. The downside is that these treaties tend to stifle creativity by making it harder to shorten copyright terms. You win some, you lose some.

Crash Course is now on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Jan Schmid, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Sandra Aft, Brad Wardell, Christian Ludvigsen, Robert Kunz, Jason, A Saslow, Jacob Ash, Jeffrey Thompson, Jessica Simmons, James Craver, Simun Niclasen, SR Foxley, Roger C. Rocha, Nevin, Spoljaric, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jessica Wode

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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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In which John Green teaches you about the Progressive Presidents, who are not a super-group of former presidents who create complicated, symphonic, rock soundscapes that transport you into a fantasy fugue state. Although that would be awesome. The presidents most associated with the Progressive Era are Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. During the times these guys held office, trusts were busted, national parks were founded, social programs were enacted, and tariffs were lowered. It wasn't all positive though, as their collective tenure also saw Latin America invaded A LOT, a split in the Republican party that resulted in a Bull Moose, all kinds of other international intervention, and the end of the Progressive Era saw the United States involved in World War. If all this isn't enough to entice, I will point out that two people get shot in this video. Violence sells, they say.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The era of progressive presidents began with Teddy Roosevelt, who felt that conservation was a national duty: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/conservation-as-a-
Teddy Roosevelt is remembered for fighting hard for his causes, as exemplified in his famous “Man in the Arena” Speech: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/the-man-in-the-are

Chapters:
Introduction: Progressive Presidents 00:00
Nationalization 0:47
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt 1:42
Square Deal 2:16
National Parks 3:12
William Howard Taft 3:33
The 16th and 18th Amendments 4:00
The Election of 1912 4:31
New Freedom vs New Nationalism 5:26
The Bull Moose Party 5:56
Woodrow Wilson's Election 6:40
Mystery Document 6:52
Woodrow Wilson's Policies 8:06
Progressivism & International Affairs 9:14
The Panama Canal 10:21
The Roosevelt Corollary 10:53
Taft's Dollar Diplomacy 11:38
Wilson's Foreign Policy 12:03
Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson's Legacies 13:37
Credits 14:34

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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