Top videos
Over the next few episodes we’re going to talk about the history of video games. Today, we’re going to start with the first re-programmable computers in the 1940’s. Now, these computers were serious tools. They were for codebreaking and calculating artillery tables during World War II - but like most tools we human use, we eventually looked for ways to make them playthings. And over the next three decades the advances of computer technology and the tentative curiosity of many engineers and programmers would inspire a new culture and eventually the first true coin-operated video game in 1971.
You can play SpaceWar! yourself here:
http://www.masswerk.at/spacewar/
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Last week we talked about language and meaning. Today, Hank explores some of the things that complicate meaning and how we get around that. We’ll explain conversational implicature, the cooperative principle, and the four main maxims of successful communication, as laid out by Paul Grice, as well as performative utterances.
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This video uses "Hammond Tonewheel Organ" from Freesound.org user MrAuralization: http://freesound.org/people/MrAuralization/
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Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
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In which Craig Benzine teaches you about the US Governments Separation of powers and the system of checks and balances. In theory, the Legislative Branch, the Executive Branch, and the Judicial Brach are designed to keep each other in check and to keep any branch from becoming too powerful. In reality, the system was designed to keep the President from becoming some kind of autocrat. For the most part, it has worked. Craig will call in the clones to explain which powers belong to which branches and to reveal some secret perks that the Supreme Court justices enjoy.
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org
Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Separation of Powers 0:25
Checks & Balances 2:28
Legislative Branch powers over the Executive Branch 2:58
Legislative Branch powers over the Judiciary Branch 3:39
Executive Branch powers over the Legislative Branch 4:37
Executive Branch powers over the Judiciary Branch 4:59
Judiciary Branch powers over the Legislative & Executive Branches 5:20
Why do we have checks & balances? 6:22
Credits 7:58
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Hank introduces us to comparative anatomy, which studies the similarities and differences in animal anatomy to support the theory of evolution and the shared ancestry of living things.
References:
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
CliffsAP Biology, 3rd ed.
Thomas Henry Huxley: http://www.strangescience.net/huxley.htm
Tissues: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acar....pi/NSC/14-anatomy.ht
Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla...
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm....c/articles/PMC168965
Table of Contents:
1) Comparative Anatomy 0:00
2) Locomotion 1:19
3) Heterotophy 1:41
4) Convergent Evolution 2:40
5) Biolography 3:40
6) Tissues 6:00
a) Epithelial Tissue 6:11
b) Connective Tissue 6:33
c) Muscle Tissue 7:01
d) Nerve Tissue 7:14
7) Organs 7:32
8) Organ Systems 7:39
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As we learn more about electricity, we have to talk about fields. Electric fields may seem complicated, but they're really fascinating and a crucial part of physics. In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini chats about capacitors, conductors, electric field lines, and how objects with net charge generate electric fields.
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We don’t always say exactly what we mean, and yet we’re still pretty good at understanding each other. That’s because we don’t just use meaning to figure out what’s going on, we also use context. This episode of Crash Course Linguistics is all about pragmatics, the area of linguistics that deals with context. We’ll cover the four main assumptions we make about context in language, also known as Grice’s Maxims, as well as the ways that languages can use grammar to convey politeness, and the different types of conversational styles within and between languages.
Want even more linguistics? Check out the Lingthusiasm podcast, hosted by the writers of Crash Course Linguistics: https://lingthusiasm.com/
Carefree by Kevin MacLeod
Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.....io/song/3476-carefre
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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Today we’re talking about how we actually DO sociology. Nicole explains the research method: form a question and a hypothesis, collect data, and analyze that data to contribute to our theories about society.
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The Dress via Wired: https://www.wired.com/2015/02/....science-one-agrees-c
Original: http://swiked.tumblr.com/post/....112073818575/guys-pl
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This week we answer skeptics like Descartes with empiricism. Hank explains John Locke’s primary and secondary qualities and why George Berkeley doesn’t think that distinction works -- leaving us with literally nothing but our minds, ideas, and perceptions.
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So, if economics is about choices and how we use our resources, econ probably has a lot to say about the environment, right? Right! In simple terms, pollution is just a market failure. The market is producing more pollution than society wants. This week, Adriene and Jacob focus on the environment, and how economics can be used to control and reduce pollution and emissions. You'll learn about supply and demand, incentives, and how government intervention influences the environment.
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Have you ever heard of a perpetual motion machine? More to the point, have you ever heard of why perpetual motion machines are impossible? One of the reasons is because of the first law of thermodynamics! In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini talks to us about thermodynamics and entropy. Also, we learn about isovolumetric, isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic processes. It'll all make sense in a minute!
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Not sleeping for days on end. Long periods of euphoria. Racing thoughts. Grandiose ideas. Mania. Depression. All of these are symptoms of Bipolar Disorder. In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks about mood disorders and their causes as well as how these disorders can impact people's lives.
Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
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Chapters:
Introduction: Bipolar Disorder 00:00
Mood Disorders 1:15
What are Moods? 2:00
Depressive Disorders 2:50
Bipolar Disorder 4:31
Genetic Causes of Mood Disorders 5:48
Environmental Triggers of Mood Disorders 6:14
Mood Disorders & Gender 6:45
Mood Disorders & the Brain 7:05
Social-Cognitive Perspective on Mood Disorders 7:58
Review & Credits 9:13
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What is culture? How do we define it and how does it change? We’ll explore different categories of culture, like low culture, high culture, and sub-cultures. We'll also revisit our founding theories to consider both a structural functionalist and a conflict theory perspective on what cultures mean for society.
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In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank tackles some difficult topics dealing with prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.
There's a lot here, so let's get started.
Here's a link to the Implicit Association Test we mentioned in this episode: https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/
Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
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Chapters:
Introduction: Amadou Diallo 00:00
Implicit Bias 1:11
Prejudice, Stereotyping, & Discrimination 2:03
Dual-Process Theory 3:59
Implicit Association Test (IAT) 4:25
Discrimination Studies 6:04
Just-World Phenomenon 7:07
In-Group/Out-Group Phenomenon 7:29
Review & Credits 8:52
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Today we start a three episode arc on the rise of a global telecommunications network that changed the world forever. We’re going to begin with computer networks, and how they grew from small groups of connected computers on LAN networks to eventually larger worldwide networks like the ARPANET and even the Internet we know today. We'll also discuss how many technologies like Ethernet, MAC addresses, IP Addresses, packet switching, network switches, and TCP/IP were implemented to new problems as our computers became ever-increasingly connected. Next week we’ll talk about the Internet, and the week after the World Wide Web!
Pre-order our limited edition Crash Course: Computer Science Floppy Disk Coasters here!
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Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
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We continue our look at your bones and skeletal system, skipping over the silly kid's song in favor of a more detailed look at your axial and appendicular skeleton. This episode also talks about the structural and functional classifications of your joints and the major types of body movement that they facilitate.
Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
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Chapters:
Introduction: Joints 00:00
Axial Bones: Cranial, Facial, Vertebrae, & Thoracic Cage 2:02
Appendicular Bones: Limbs & Pelvis 3:05
Types of Joints 3:33
Functional Classification of Joints: Synarthroses, Amphirthroses, Diarthroses 3:59
Structural Classification of Joints: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial 4:32
Types of Synovial Joints 5:37
Plane Joints - Gliding Movements 6:02
Hinge Joints - Angular Movements: Flexion, Extension, & Hyperextension 6:20
Condylar Joints - More Angular Movements: Abduction, Adduction, & Circumduction 6:55
Ball & Socket Joints - Rotational Movements 7:23
Saddle Joints - Opposition Movement 7:46
Pivot Joints - Supination & Pronation 8:03
Review 8:26
Credits 8:59
***
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So how do we apply the scientific method to psychological research? Lots of ways, but today Hank talks about case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys and interviews, and experimentation. Also, he covers different kinds of bias in experimentation and how research practices help us avoid them.
Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
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Chapters:
Introduction: Intuition & Hindsight Bias 00:00
The Scientific Method 2:05
Case Studies 3:05
Naturalistic Observation 3:48
Surveys and Interviews 4:15
Drawing Conclusions 5:26
Experimentation 6:35
Experiment Time! 7:48
Review 9:54
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Slavery was inherently cruel and unjust, and it was cruel and unjust to different people in different ways. Today, Clint Smith teaches you about the experience of enslaved women, and how their experience of slavery was different than men. Women had a unique vantage point to understand slavery, and were particularly vulnerable to some terrible abuses under the institution.
Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935
SOURCES
- Samuel H. Williamson & Louis Cain, "Measuring Slavery in 2016 dollars," MeasuringWorth, 2020.
-"A Prelude to War: The 1850s." African American Lives: The Struggle for Freedom, by Clayborne Carson et al., Pearson Longman, 2005, pp. 221-222.
-Modern History Sourcebook: Sojourner Truth: "Ain't I a Woman?", December 1851
-Quoted in Deborah Gray White, Ar' n't I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South, rev. ed. (New York: Norton, 1999), 102.
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#crashcourse #history #blackhistory
How would you measure a personality? What, exactly, is the self? Well, as you've come to expect, it's not that easy to nail down an answer to those questions. Whether you're into blood, bile, earth, wind, fire, or those Buzzfeed questionnaires, there are LOTS of ways to get at who we are and why.
Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
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Chapters:
Introduction: Personality Types 00:00
Trait Theory of Personality 1:35
The Big 5: Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, & Extraversion 3:15
Social Cognitive Perspective of Personality 4:46
Internal vs. External Locus of Control 5:54
Testing & Measuring Personality 6:15
Thematic Apperception Test 6:51
Personality Trait Inventories 7:31
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 8:05
Social Cognitive Personality Assessments 8:24
Humanistic Self-Concept Evaluations 9:01
Who or what is the self? 9:22
Review & Credits 10:17
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Nearly 200 years ago, Alexis St. Martin was shot in the stomach. He was saved by local army doctor William Beaumont but had to live out his remaining years with a gaping hole in the stomach -- allowing Beaumont to learn a lot about how human digestion works. So today we're going to walk you through that process. We'll cover how mechanical and chemical digestion starts in the mouth and continues in the stomach, where it’s pummeled by acids and enzymes and turned into chyme. We will also go over the stomach’s cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases of digestive regulation.
Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
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Chapters:
Introduction: Alexis St. Martin's Stomach Hole 00:00
Digestion Starts in the Mouth 2:45
The Stomach 4:37
Stomach Acid 5:38
Phases of Digestive Regulation: Cephalic, Gastric, and Intestinal 7:17
The Mind-Stomach Connection 8:55
Review 9:54
Credits 10:29
***
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Mark , Elliot Beter, Moritz Schmidt, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Jacob Ash, Jessica Wode, Today I Found Out, Christy Huddleston, James Craver, Chris Peters, SR Foxley, Steve Marshall, Simun Niclasen, Eric Kitchen, Robert Kunz, Avi Yashchin, Jason A Saslow, Jan Schmid, Daniel Baulig, Christian , Anna-Ester Volozh
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After weeks of exploring the existence of nature of god, today Hank explores one of the biggest problems in theism, and possibly the biggest philosophical question humanity faces: why is there evil?
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What do you and a sack of batteries have in common? Today, Hank explains.
Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
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Chapters:
Introduction: What do Neurons Do? 00:00
Your Body is a Sack of Batteries 1:18
How Electricity Works Inside Your Nervous System 3:18
Sodium-Potassium Pump 4:04
Types of Ion Channels: Voltage-Gated, Ligand-Gated, and Mechanically-Gated 4:51
Graded Potential vs. Action Potential 5:45
Depolarization 6:19
Repolarization 7:35
Hyperpolarization 8:00
Refractory Period 8:14
Review 10:06
Credits 10:29
Crash Course Kids Preview! 10:39
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What is a monopoly? It turns out, it's more than just a board game. It's a terrible, terrible economic practice in which giant corporations dominate markets and hurt consumers. Except when it isn't. In some industries, monopolies are the most efficient way to do business. Utilities like electricity, water, and broadband internet access are probably less efficiently delivered in competitive markets. Come along, and let us monopolize your attention for a few minutes. You might learn something. And you might land on Free Parking.
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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Hank brings us to the next level of ecological study with ecosystem ecology, which looks at how energy, nutrients, and materials are getting shuffled around within an ecosystem (a collection of living and nonliving things interacting in a specific place), and which basically comes down to who is eating who.
Table of Contents
1) Defining Ecosystems 0:49:1
2) Trophic Structure 4:44:1
a) Primary Producers 5:27
b) Primary Consumers 5:41
c) Secondary Consumers 5:49:1
d) Tertiary Consumers 5:58:2
e) Detrivores 6:08:1
3) Bioaccumulation 8:47
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We’ve covered a lot of incredible stuff, but this week we’re talking about the weirdest objects in space: BLACK HOLES. Stellar-mass black holes form when a very massive star dies, and its core collapses. The core has to be more than about 2.8 times the Sun’s mass to form a black hole. Black holes come in different sizes, but for all of them, the escape velocity is greater than the speed of light, so nothing can escape, not matter or light. They don’t wander the Universe gobbling everything down around them; their gravity is only really intense very close to them. Tides near a stellar mass black hole will spaghettify you, and time slows down when you get near a black hole — not that this helps much if you’re falling in.
Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron
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Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
How Black Holes Are Formed 1:03
Misconceptions About Black Holes 3:05
Stellar Mass Black Holes 5:03
Spaghettification 5:50
Black Holes Warp Space-Time 8:00
Review 11:07
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PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer
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PHOTOS/VIDEOS
White Dwarf Pulses Like a Pulsar http://www.nasa.gov/centers/go....ddard/news/topstory/ [credit: NASA, Casey Reed]
Swift Reveals New Phenomenon in a Neutron Star http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pa....ges/swift/bursts/new [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center]
Black Holes - Monsters in Space https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:Black_Holes_-_M [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech, Wikimedia Commons]
What if the Sun became a black hole? (artist's impression) http://www.spacetelescope.org/....videos/hubblecast43g [credit: ESA/Hubble (M. Kornmesser)]
Black Hole Animation http://chandra.harvard.edu/pho....to/2003/0203long/ani [credit: NASA/SAO/CXC/D.Berry]
Star Destroyer http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center]
Black hole deforms space http://www.spacetelescope.org/....videos/hst15_blackho [credit: ESA/Hubble (M. Kornmesser & L. L. Christensen)]
Black hole close-up (artist's impression) http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic0211c/ [credit: European Space Agency, NASA and Felix Mirabel (the French Atomic Energy Commission & the Institute for Astronomy and Space Physics/Conicet of Argentina)]
In which John Green teaches you about the post-World War II breakup of most of the European empires. As you'll remember from previous installments of Crash Course, Europeans spent several centuries sailing around the world creating empires, despite the fact that most of the places they conquered were perfectly happy to carry on alone. After World War II, most of these empires collapsed. This is the story of those collapses. In most places, the end of empire was not orderly, and violence often ensued. While India was a (sort of) shining example of non-violent change, in places like The Congo, Egypt, Rwanda, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, things didn't go smoothly at all. John brings you all this, plus pictures of Sea Monkeys. Sadly, they don't look anything like those awesome commercials in the comic books.
Chapters:
Introduction: Decolonization 00:00
What Happens When Empires Fall? 0:33
Post-WWII Decolonization 2:24
Decolonization in India 3:14
Mohandas K. Gandhi 3:47
An Open Letter to Hunger Strikers 5:43
Indonesian Nationalism 6:40
The End of Colonization in French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) 7:51
Gamal Abdul Nasser and Egyptian Nationalism 8:35
Decolonization in Central and Southern Africa 9:16
Credits 12:10
Resources:
The Columbia History of the 20th Century https://bit.ly/3xrdpZ9
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