The number 37 is on your mind more than you think. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Huge thanks to Tom Magliery for sharing his 37 collection with us. Support http://thirty-seven.org by sharing your own 37 sightings to tom@thirty-seven.org!
Thanks to Dr. Todd Landman, the Academic Magician, for sharing his footage of the 37 Force. - https://www.todd-landman.com/

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Sam Lutfi, Lee Redden, Juan Benet, Richard Sundvall, Paul Peijzel, Gnare, Michael Krugman, Meekay, Ubiquity Ventures, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Bill Linder, Evgeny Skvortsov, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, john kiehl, Blake Byers, Stephen Wilcox, John H. Austin, Jr., Josh Hibschman, TTST, Orlando Bassotto, Anton Ragin, David Johnston, KeyWestr, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Chris Harper, Adam Foreman, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, I. H., Garrett Mueller, Bertrand Serlet, Kyi, wolfee, Matthias Wrobel

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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References:
Simon, W. E. (1972). “Blue Seven Phenomenon” in Elementary and Jr. High Children. Psychological Reports - https://ve42.co/Simon1972
Trueman, J. (1979). Existence & Robustness of Blue Seven Phenomena. The Journal of General Psychology - https://ve42.co/Trueman1979
Saito, M. (1999). “Blue and Seven Phenomena” in Japanese Students. Perceptual & Motor Skills - https://ve42.co/Saito1999
Philbrick, J. L. (1976). Blue seven in East Africa: Preliminary report. Perceptual & Motor Skills - https://ve42.co/Philbrick1976
Hargreaves, S. (2009). The psychology of randomness. - https://ve42.co/Hargreaves2009
The 37 Force via The Magician’s Forum - https://ve42.co/37Force1
Fulves, K. (1979) Self-Working Mental Magic. Dover Publications, Inc. - https://ve42.co/Fulves1979
Random numbers via The Jargon File at catb.org - https://ve42.co/Jargon
Random Number Survey by MahoganyForest via Reddit - https://ve42.co/RedditRndm
Prime number theorem via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiPNT
Grossack, C. (2023). A truly incredible fact about the number 37. Grossack.site - https://ve42.co/Grossack2023
Least prime factor of n via oeis.org - https://ve42.co/LeastPrime
Fry, H. (2017). When should you settle down? ideas.ted.com - https://ve42.co/Fry2017
Choosing Toilets by Numberphile - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XIOoCKO-ybQ
Seaton, R. (2014). The Secretary Problem Explained: Dating Mathematically. rs.io - https://ve42.co/Seaton2014

Images & Video:
Just 37 by Tom Magliery - https://ve42.co/Just37
R4000 Processor via Molecular Expressions - https://ve42.co/micro37
The “37” Cluster by Noel Carboni - https://ve42.co/NGC2169
Charles Fleischer via Wikimedia - https://ve42.co/Fleischer

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Directed by Emily Zhang
Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Asst edited by Luke Molloy
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, and Leigh Williamson
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Emily Zhang, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Michael Cimpher, and David Szasz
Additional research by Gregor Čavlović
Produced by Emily Zhang, Giovanna Utichi, Han Evans, and Emily Taylor

Thumbnail contributions by Ignat Berbeci, Ren Hurley, and Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

The world’s first look inside a thermite reaction. Use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan.

A massive thank you to everyone at Goldschmidt for making this possible. With special thanks to Dr. Axel Hoeschen, Christof Gassmann and Claudia Koch.

00:00 What is thermite?
00:51 Hans Goldschmidt and the first thermite reaction
05:55 The reaction as it’s never been seen before
14:57 How thermite welding works
17:43 I destroyed a laptop!
26:44 How thermite is made
31:11 Blow-torching thermite to show how reactive it is

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. https://snatoms.com/

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References:

Archives from Goldschmidt
Thermite via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiThermite
From the past to the present. via goldschmidt.com - https://ve42.co/Past2Present
Hans Goldschmidt via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/HansGWiki
Goldschmidt, H. (1914). Gesammelte Veröffentlichungen (1st Ed.). Springer-Verlag - https://ve42.co/HGoldschmit1914
Menzies, J. (2015, January 8). Mechanic's Toolbox: Thermite Welding. SFMTA. - https://ve42.co/ThermiteWelding
Kirshenbaum, A. D., & Cahill, J. A. (1960). The density of liquid aluminium oxide. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry - https://ve42.co/CahillA1960
Reichstag fire via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/ReichstagFireWiki

Images & Video:

Karl Goldschmidt - https://ve42.co/KGoldschmidt
Goldschmidt Chemical Factory - https://ve42.co/GSFabrik
Henry Treffry Dunn Rossetti and Dunton at 16 Cheyne Walk - https://ve42.co/Treffry
The Green Gown - https://ve42.co/GreenGown
Arsenic Green Dress - https://ve42.co/ArsenicGreenDress
Kersting, Die Stickerin - https://ve42.co/Fassung
Too Early Tissot Detail - https://ve42.co/Tissot
Death Skull - https://ve42.co/Skull
British uniforms - https://ve42.co/BritishUniforms
Thermit in Practice - https://ve42.co/SKallee
Thermite Ship Shaft Welding 1 - https://ve42.co/ShipShaft1
Thermite Ship Shaft Welding 2 - https://ve42.co/ShipShaft2
Using Incendiary Grenade to Destroy German Antitank Gun by OkraJoe - https://youtu.be/RTSiq5QYHGo?si=Va_6dPimFuaQfFp5
Reichstagsbrand - https://ve42.co/RTBrand
Ruins of the Reichstagsbrand - https://ve42.co/RTBrand2
The Thermite Kettle by colinfurze - https://youtu.be/mg3bFxdAZsY?si=BmBIYPUlP1Wfpuoj


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Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Ayush Agrawal, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee

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Directed by Derek Muller
Written by Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Rokas Vikšraitis and Mike Radjabov
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller, David Bochmann, Casper Mebius, Luise Dietert, Henning Fischer and Harald Schweiger
Additional Research by Gregor Čavlović and Gabriel Strong
Produced by Gregor Čavlović, Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard and Tori Brittain

Thumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard, Ren Hurley and Casper Mebius
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Story Blocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

Do odd perfect numbers exist? Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever:
https://ve42.co/PatreonDEB

A massive thank you to Prof. Pace Nielsen for all his time and help with this video.

A big thank you to Dr. Asaf Karagila, Pascal Ochem, Prof. Tianxin Cai, and Prof. William Dunham for their expertise and help.

To try GIMPS out yourself: https://ve42.co/GIMPS

These sources were particularly helpful:
Perfect numbers via MacTutor - https://ve42.co/MTPerfect
Cai, T. (2022). Perfect numbers and fibonacci sequences. World Scientific. - https://ve42.co/Cai2022
Dunham, W. (2022). Euler: The master of us all (Vol. 22). American Mathematical Society. - https://ve42.co/Dunham2022

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References:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0xKHwQH-4I&pp=ygUPcGVyZmVjdCBudW1iZXJz
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8n15q1v4Xo&pp=ygUPcGVyZmVjdCBudW1iZXJz
Dickson, L. E. (1919). History of the Theory of Numbers.. (Vol. 1). Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Knill, O. (2007). The oldest open problem in mathematics. NEU Math Circle, December2. - https://ve42.co/Knill2007
Perfect number via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiPerfect
Introduction to Arithmetic via HalthiTrust - https://ve42.co/IntroArithmetic
Nicomachus of Gerasa via MacTutor - https://ve42.co/MTNicomachus
Sonja, B. (1988). The First Perfect Numbers and Three Types of Amicable Numbers in a Manuscript on Elementary Number Theory by Ibn Fellûs. Erdem, c. IV, 11. - https://ve42.co/Sonja1988
Ibn Fallus via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiFallus
Mersenne prime via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiMP
List of Known Mersenne Prime Numbers - https://ve42.co/ListOfMP
Marin Mersenne via MacTutor - https://ve42.co/MTMersenne
Leonhard Euler via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiEuler
Frank Nelson Cole via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiFNCole
GIMPS History via Mersenne.org - https://ve42.co/GIMPSHistory
EFF Cooperative Computing Awards via EFF - https://ve42.co/EFFAwards
Jonathan Pace via Primewiki - https://ve42.co/PWikiPace
Book with just one number sells out in Japan via BastillePost - https://ve42.co/PrimeBook
Predicted distribution of Mersenne primes via John D. Cook - https://ve42.co/JDCookMP
Euler’s Odd Perfect Numbers Theorem via Cantor's Paradise - https://ve42.co/EulerOPN
A Perfect (Math) Mystery via Medium - https://ve42.co/Machado2024
Brent, R. P., Cohen, G. L., & te Riele, H. J. (1991). Improved techniques for lower bounds for odd perfect numbers. Mathematics of Computation, 57(196), 857-868. - https://ve42.co/Brent1991
Ochem, P., & Rao, M. (2012). Odd perfect numbers are greater than 10¹⁵⁰⁰. Mathematics of Computation, 81(279), 1869-1877. - https://ve42.co/Ochem2012
Mathematicians Open a New Front on an Ancient Number Problem via Quantamagazine - https://ve42.co/QuantaSpoofs
Descartes number via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiDescartesNumber
Andersen, N., Durham, S., Griffin, M. J., Hales, J., Jenkins, P., Keck, R., ... & Wu, D. (2022). Odd, spoof perfect factorizations. Journal of Number Theory, 234, 31-47. - https://ve42.co/Andersen2022
Pomerance’s Heuristic that Odd Perfect Numbers are Unlikely via OddPerfect.org - https://ve42.co/Heuristic

Images & Video:
Clip of Piergiorgio Odifreddi - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0paHEA8-gA
Euclid’s Elements 1 via Claymath - https://ve42.co/CM1
Euclid’s Elements 2 via Claymath - https://ve42.co/CM2
Euclid’s Elements 3 via Claymath - https://ve42.co/CM3
Diophanti - https://ve42.co/Diophanti
Gauss book - https://ve42.co/GaussDis
Euler’s Archive 1 - https://ve42.co/Euler1
Euler’s Archive 2 - https://ve42.co/Euler2

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I.H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

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Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, Alondra Vitae, Alex Drakoulis, and Leigh Williamson
Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Peter Nelson
Additional research by Aaron Santos, Camilla Machado, and Gregor Čavlović
Produced by Casper Mebius, Gregor Čavlović, Han Evans, and Derek Muller

Thumbnail by Ren Hurley
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

Spinning magnets near copper sheets create levitation!
Try Audible free for 30 days: http://bit.ly/AudibleVe
Special thanks to Hyperloop One for showing me around.

Thanks to Patreon supporters:
Nathan Hansen, Donal Botkin, Tony Fadell, Saeed Alghamdi, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal, Perry cl, Bryan Baker
Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://bit.ly/VePatreon

Filmed by Raquel Nuno, Edited by Trevor Carlee

Obviously this "quadcopter" is a demonstration device, showing how moving magnets over a conducting surface can generate levitation. It has not been optimized to minimize losses or be an efficient mode of transport. I still think it's pretty cool. I'm used to seeing light things levitated by induced currents but not a 100+ lb machine.

For more on Hyperloop One: https://hyperloop-one.com/

Does light take all possible paths at the same time? 🌏 Get exclusive NordVPN deal here ➵ https://NordVPN.com/veritasium It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee!✌

A massive thank you to Dr. Andrew Mitchell for all his help and expertise. If you want to delve further into this topic then we highly recommend his lecture on Classical physics derived from quantum mechanics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2iuLwWDYC4U&t=1s

We’re incredibly grateful to Prof. David Kaiser, Prof. Steven Strogatz, Prof. Geraint F. Lewis, Elba Alonso-Monsalve, Prof. Christopher S. Baird, Prof. Anthony Bloch, and Prof. Stephen Bartlett for their invaluable contributions to this video.

A special thanks to Mahesh Shenoy from FloatHeadPhysics for his help with this video. Check out his excellent intuitive video on the UV Catastrophe here (Sep 2024): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALEDjjAVZSY

Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

▀▀▀
0:00 What path does light travel?
2:40 Black Body Radiation
6:47 How did Planck solve the ultraviolet catastrophe?
9:42 The Quantum of Action
13:25 De Broglie’s Hypothesis
15:16 The Double Slit Experiment
20:00 How Feynman Did Quantum Mechanics
25:01 Proof That Light Takes Every Path
31:16 The Theory of Everything

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Sign up to our Patreon to watch the Q&A for free: https://www.patreon.com/c/veritasium

Try Snatoms! A molecular modelling kit I invented where the atoms snap together.
https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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References:
Armin Hermann (Nov 1974). The Genesis of Quantum Theory (1899-1913). - https://ve42.co/genquanttheor
Richard P. Feynman (1985). QED The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. - https://ve42.co/qed
A fantastic book on the history of the Principle of Least Action: Rojo, A. and Bloch, A. The
Principle of Least Action: History and Physics. - https://ve42.co/Bloch2018
Coopersmith, J. (2017). The lazy universe: an introduction to the principle of least action. Oxford University Press. - https://ve42.co/LazyU
PBS Space Time. (Nov 2021) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_CQDSlmboA
Sabine Hossenfelder. (May 2022) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0da8TEeaeE
Max Planck (1901). On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum. Annalen der Physik - https://ve42.co/lawdistenergy
Paul Ehrenfest (1911). Welche Züge der Lichtquantenhypothese spielen in der Theorie der Wärmestrahlung eine wesentliche Rolle?. Wiley Online Library - https://ve42.co/quantthermrad
Nils-Erik Bomark and Reidun Renstrøm (Aug 2023). The Ultraviolet myth. Proceedings of Science - https://ve42.co/uvmyth
Planck's law. In Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/planckslaw
PBS Space Time. (Jul 2017). - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSFRN-ymfgE&t=10s
Einstein and The Photoelectric Effect. (Jan 2005) via APS News - https://ve42.co/einsteinphotoelec
Louis de Broglie (1924). On the Theory of Quanta. - https://ve42.co/theoryquanta
Larry Sorensen (2012). Path Integrals 1. University of Washington - https://ve42.co/pathintegrals
Feynman’s Method of “A Particle Exploring All Possible Paths”. (Mar 2018) via Pure Dhamma - https://ve42.co/allposspaths

Additional References - https://ve42.co/AdditionalReferences-PoLA2

Images & Video:
Nobistor Altona 1880 via NDR - https://ve42.co/streetlight
Edison incandescent lights by William J. Hammer via Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/edinclights
The full expanded form of the Standard Model Lagrangian by Chen Ning Yang et al. via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/stmodellang
Muon Ray. (2011). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-QUj2ZRUa7c
Muon Ray. (2011). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1C7abO7LtV0
Bohrs Atomic Model via EEEGUIDE.COM - https://ve42.co/bohrmodel

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, qiaohui wei, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

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Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver and Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, Andrew Neet and Emma Wright
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek, Tommy A. Steven and Cainejan Esperanza
Filmed by Derek Muller and Casper Mebius
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Gabe Strong, Geeta Thakur, Emilia Gyles, Zoe Heron, Emily Zhang and Tori Brittain

Thumbnail contributions by Ignat Berbeci, Ben Powell, Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley, and Peter Sheppard

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

If you ran evolution all over again, would you get humans? How repeatable is #evolution? This video is sponsored by @BountyBrand. #biology #science #QPU #HygieneBeginswithBounty #BountyPartner

Special thanks to Prof. Richard Lenski and team for showing me around the lab — it is an honor to be able to witness and document such a historic science experiment.
Thanks to Dr Zachary Blount for the help with research and setting up the competition time-lapse, Dr Nkrumah Grant for microscope images of the long-term line cells @NkrumahGrant
Devin Lake, Kate Bellgowan, and Dr. Minako Izutsu for being part of this video. Long Live the LTEE!

LTEE website — http://myxo.css.msu.edu/ecoli/index.html
Intro footage courtesy of the Kishony Lab — https://kishony.technion.ac.il
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References:
Lenski, R. E., & Travisano, M. (1994). Dynamics of adaptation and diversification: a 10,000-generation experiment with bacterial populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 91(15), 6808-6814. — https://ve42.co/Lenski1994

Lenski, R. E., Rose, M. R., Simpson, S. C., & Tadler, S. C. (1991). Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. I. Adaptation and divergence during 2,000 generations. The American Naturalist, 138(6), 1315-1341. — https://ve42.co/Lenski1991

Good, B. H., McDonald, M. J., Barrick, J. E., Lenski, R. E., & Desai, M. M. (2017). The dynamics of molecular evolution over 60,000 generations. Nature, 551(7678), 45-50. — https://ve42.co/Good2017

Blount, Z. D., Borland, C. Z., & Lenski, R. E. (2008). Historical contingency and the evolution of a key innovation in an experimental population of Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(23), 7899-7906. — https://ve42.co/Blount2008

Blount, Z. D., Lenski, R. E., & Losos, J. B. (2018). Contingency and determinism in evolution: Replaying life’s tape. Science, 362(6415). — https://ve42.co/Blount2018

Wiser, M. J., Ribeck, N., & Lenski, R. E. (2013). Long-term dynamics of adaptation in asexual populations. Science, 342(6164), 1364-1367. — https://ve42.co/Wiser2013

N, Scharping. (2019). How a 30-Year Experiment Has Fundamentally Changed Our View of How Evolution Works. Discover — https://ve42.co/Scharping

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Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Mike Tung, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Ismail Öncü Usta, Paul Peijzel, Crated Comments, Anna, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, Oleksii Leonov, Jim Osmun, Tyson McDowell, Ludovic Robillard, Jim buckmaster, fanime96, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Alfred Wallace, Arjun Chakroborty, Joar Wandborg, Clayton Greenwell, Pindex, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal

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Research and Writing by by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev and Casey Rentz
Animation by Ivy Tello
Filmed by Derek Muller, Emily Zhang and Raquel Nuno
Edited by Derek Muller
Music by Jonny Hyman and from Epidemic Sound https://epidemicsound.com
Additional video supplied by Getty Images
Thumbnail image courtesy of the Kishony Lab
Produced by Casey Rentz
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Electric cars are now ready to take over thanks to advances in battery technology and their inherent benefits: torque, handling, maintenance. This video was sponsored by BMW: https://www.bmwusa.com/

Full disclosure: I drive an #electric #car. I think electric cars are the future, not mainly because they're better for the environment (which they are if you drive the car for any reasonable length of time) but because they are just better cars. The have better torque and acceleration, better handling, they're more efficient, quieter, they don't smell, they're cheaper to run and best of all you never have to visit a gas station - this appeals to me. I never have to worry about being low on gas because every morning my car is charged and ready to go - just like my phone and laptop. And if you're worried about range, don't. Almost all trips can already be done in an electric car with modest battery pack. And fast chargers along the way make it possible to do longer road trips if necessary. You have to make rest stops anyway, just time them with the charging. And consider that battery tech is getting dramatically cheaper, smaller, lighter. All these reasons are why I see the #future of cars as electric.

Writing & Research
Derek Muller
Jonny Hyman
Matthew Shribman https://ve42.co/sciencebath

Editing, Animation, Audio, & Music:
Jonny Hyman

Camerawork:
Raquel Nuno
Jonny Hyman

1890s Music "National fantasie" by William Paris Chambers, archived in Library of Congress
#BMWUSA #NEXTGen #BMWPartner #ad

How do you make infinite choices? 👉 To try everything Brilliant has to offer for free for a full 30 days, visit http://brilliant.org/veritasium. You’ll also get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Try Snatoms! A molecular modelling kit I invented where the atoms snap together.
https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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A huge thank you to Dr Asaf Karagila, Prof. Alex Kontorovich, Prof. Joel David Hamkins, Prof. Andrew Marks, Prof. Gabriel Goldberg and Prof. Elliot Glazer for their invaluable expertise and contributions to this video.

Head over and sign up to our Patreon for some exclusive behind the scenes footage, showing how the animations and illustrations for this video were made - https://www.patreon.com/posts/patreon-behind-126443880?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link

▀▀▀
0:00 What comes after one?
2:42 Some infinities are bigger than others
6:17 The Well Ordering Principle
10:32 Zermelo And The Axiom Of Choice
17:22 Why is the axiom of choice controversial?
23:16 The Banach–Tarski Paradox
27:53 Obviously True, Obviously False
29:58 Your Proof Your Choice

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References:

Up and Atom - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X56zst79Xjg
Minutephysics - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-QoutHCu4o
PBS Infinite Series - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcRZadc5KpI&t=125s
Vsauce - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s86-Z-CbaHA&t=474s
Ernst Zermelo via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/zermeloBio
Axiom of choice via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/choiceAxiom
Georg Cantor via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/cantorMath
Gregory H. Moore (2013). Consequences of the Axiom of Choice. Dover Publications - https://ve42.co/choiceBook
Georg Cantor (1874). On a property of the class of all real algebraic numbers. Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik - https://ve42.co/MeyerCantor1874
Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus (Dec 2012). Zermelo and the Heidelberg Congress 1904. Historia Mathematica - https://ve42.co/SciDirect1904
Herbert B. Enderton (1977). Elements of Set Theory. - https://ve42.co/SciDirectGCH

Additional References - https://ve42.co/AoCAdRefs

Images & Video:

Foundations of a general theory of sets by Georg Cantor via ViaLibri - https://ve42.co/grundlagen
Alfred Tarski by George Bergman via Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/tarski
Alfred Tarski Offprint Group by Alfred Tarski via Bonhams - https://ve42.co/tarskipaper
La mission strasbourgeoise de Maurice Fréchet by Laurent Mazliak via Images des mathematiques - https://ve42.co/frechet
Kurt Gödel by Alfred Eisenstaedt via New Yorker - https://ve42.co/godel
Leopold Kronecker by Granger via Fine Art America - https://ve42.co/kronecker
Lashi Bandara (2006). Zermelo-Frankel Set Theory and Well Orderings. ResearchGate - https://ve42.co/zermelofrankel
Heidelberg, Germany 1936 by Wagner & Debes via Ward Maps - https://ve42.co/heidelberg
Pythagoras by J. Augustus Knapp via the marginalian - https://ve42.co/pythag
Paul Cohen by C. J. Mozzochi via C. J. Mozzochi - https://ve42.co/paulcohen
Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada. Lecture 01: Introduction: a non-measurable set via Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llnNaRzuvd4&t=834s
Simons Foundation. Fields Medal: James Maynard. Youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=un-z8kgOrV0&t=8s

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Directed by Kaela Albert
Written by Kaela Albert and Emily Zhang
Edited by Jack Saxon and Luke Molloy
Assistant Edited by James Stuart
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Andrew Neet, Alex Zepharin, Mike Radjabov, Emma Wright and Ivy Tello
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek, Maria Gusakovich, Cainejan Esperanza, Tommy A. Steven and Emma Wright
Additional research by Emilia Gyles, Gabe Bean, Geeta Thakur and Vincent Cheng
Produced by Kaela Albert, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Emily Zhang, Zoe Heron, Rob Beasley Spence, and Tori Brittain
Additional Editing by Luke Molloy and James Stuart

Thumbnail contributions by Ben Powell, Peter Sheppard and Ren Hurley

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

People claim that 70-80% of household dust is dead skin, but is it true?
Thanks to Google for sponsoring this video! Learn more about Search here: https://www.google.com/search/howsearchworks/

Special thanks to J.M.E.H van Bronswijk, author of 'House Dust Biology'. We exchanged emails to make sure I got my facts straight for this video. Below is an excerpt from her email to me, responding to my claims that start with a dash:

- Around half of airborne dust particles under 100um are skin scales
This is true for climates, regions and seasons where people live mostly indoors.
The 1 to 2 g of skin scales shed each 24 hours will end up in places where people are present (and rub their skin or have textile moving over the skin).
You can also look at it from a different angle: What else has the same size and could contribute? That will usually be pollen from outdoor sources, also depending on season, region and climate, as well as the ventilation regime of the building.
However, taken as the median value over a whole year, I consider your statement correct for regions with a temperate climate.

- 53% of dust particles vacuumed from a mattress were found to be skin scales
It depends a little on the type of mattress. For polyether mattresses the amount may even be larger.
For mattresses made of natural material it could be less since the mattress-material will also give off small particles.

- larger particles consist mostly of fibers, eg. cotton, paper, wool, synthetics
That's true .. including bread crumbs ..... 🙂

- skin scales seem to form a larger fraction of dust where we spend more time, e.g. in or near bed.
..... and on the couch used to view television or be active in gaming.
It has to do with the constant production of skin scales over the 24 hours.

- skin scales form a smaller fraction of dust if there are significant other sources, e.g. carpeting, dirt from outside etc.
Yes, everyting you walk on with your shoes or that recieves dirt from the outside with other means, will have a lessr percentage of human skin scales.
However, do not forget the skin scales of pets that will also be an active allergen for many people, and a food source for house dust mites.

Information on dust particle size ©ISO. This material is adapted from ISO 7708:1995, with permission of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) on behalf of the International Organization for Standardization. All rights reserved.

Research and Writing by AJ Fillo and Derek Muller
Editing, Audio Mix & Master, and Computer animations by Jonny Hyman
Dust and character animation by Ivy Tello
Filming by Raquel Nuno
Thumbnail by Fictionalhead https://www.youtube.com/fictionalhead

Intro Music composed by Jonny Hyman
Additional Music from Epidemic Sound: Colored Spirals, Observations

The surprising genius of Strandbeests. Fight the data brokers with Incogni. Head over to https://incogni.com/veritasium to get 60% off your annual subscription.

A massive thank you to Theo Jansen, to learn more about him and his Strandbeests check out: https://www.strandbeest.com/

A special thank you to Adam Savage, check out his channel Tested over at: https://www.youtube.com/tested

If you enjoyed the Strandbeest song at the end, you can hear the whole thing on our Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/posts/....by-popular-song-1174

Also on Patreon: an extended bonus interview with Adam Savage https://www.patreon.com/posts/117886682

0:00 Creation of the Beests
2:40 Learning to walk
6:50 Overcoming the sand
9:00 Surviving the storms
11:46 Building muscle
14:27 A developing brain
17:39 Fossils and decay
18:13 Strandbeests and climate change
19:16 Legacy
20:03 The Virus is Spreading

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If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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References: https://ve42.co/Refstrandbeest

Video and Image Credits:
Global Temperature Anomalies from 1880 to 2022 by via nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/temp188022
Adam Savage’s TestedAdam Savage's One Day Builds: Pedal-Powered Strandbeest! via Youtube - https://ve42.co/pedalbeest
greenmanbucket1980: Walter Cronkite on Climate Change via Youtube - https://ve42.co/cronkitecc
ThamesTvClimate Change | Global Warming | Pollution | This Week | 1988 via Youtube - https://ve42.co/1988ccnews
AP ArchiveUSA: VICE PRESIDENT AL GORE'S WARNING ON GLOBAL CLIMATE via Youtube - https://ve42.co/goresalarm
ThamesTvClimate Change - Warming Warning - 1981 via Youtube - https://ve42.co/1981warning
CBS New YorkReport Warns Of Rising Sea Levels via Youtube - https://ve42.co/searise
ShatnerMethodEarly Warnings of Climate Change Catastrophe - 1982 - CBS Evening News via Youtube - https://ve42.co/1982cbccc
The Weather NetworkNetherlands: Wind storm almost topples truck, tears roof off building via Youtube - https://ve42.co/dutchstorm
NBC NewsDeadly Storm Makes Crossing The Street A Battle In The Netherlands | NBC News via Youtube - https://ve42.co/stormbattle
Marcel OzymantraA clip from The Simpsons Season 28 Episode 10 "The Nightmare After Krustmas" via Youtube - https://ve42.co/simpsonscc
EngineezyI Built A Mechanical Walking Robot (with GPS) via Youtube - https://ve42.co/mechwalker
BigWR_永恒跳动的火焰Epic ride | Walking robot creature Strandbeest via Youtube - https://ve42.co/epicbeest
JK BrickworksLEGO Steampunk Walking Ship (Strandbeest) via Youtube - https://ve42.co/legobeest
The QEpic Cycling | Truly Unique Bicycle that Walks via Youtube - https://ve42.co/bikewalks
James BrutonBalancing Strandbeest via Youtube - https://ve42.co/beestbalance
TED-EdClosing the Dutch Maeslantkering (flood defence) | Timelapse via Youtube - https://ve42.co/floodclose
Peter TheobaldCentaur frame using Strandbeest mechanism - walking test via Youtube - https://ve42.co/centaurbot
The QDIY Walking Robotic Creature Strandbeest via Youtube - https://ve42.co/diybeest
HiroLabo OECUQuadruped Passive Walker by Strandbeest / Theo Jansen / LEGO via Youtube - https://ve42.co/quadwalker
Gabriel LaflammeStrandbeest 3d printed via Youtube - https://ve42.co/3dbeest
BigWR_永恒跳动的火焰Epic ride | Walking robot creature Strandbeest via Youtube - https://ve42.co/beestride
EngineezyI Built A Mechanical Walking Robot (with GPS) via Youtube - https://ve42.co/gpswalker
JKBrickworksLEGO Steampunk Walking Ship (Strandbeest) via Youtube - https://ve42.co/legoship
ZenichiWorksThe Playa Crawler Construction via Youtube - https://ve42.co/playabot
Concept BytesI built a WALKING coffee table via Youtube - https://ve42.co/walkingtable

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Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev
Edited by Luke Molloy, Laura Mills, and Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli and Mike Radjabov
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Casper Mebius, Rasoel Al Safar and Derek Muller
Additional research by Gabe Strong
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Leah Yost, Petr Lebedev, Rob Beasley Spence and Tori Brittain
Thumbnail contributions by Ben Powell, Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

A basketball and a 5kg medicine ball are dropped simultaneously. Which one hits the ground first? It seems obvious that the heavy one should accelerate at a greater rate and therefore land first because the force pulling it down is greater. But this is forgetting inertia - the tendency of mass to resist changes in motion. Therefore, although the force on the medicine ball is greater, it takes this larger force to accelerate the ball at the same rate as the basketball.

If you spin a raw egg and then stop it, it will start spinning again without you having to touch it. A boiled egg, on the other hand, stops and stays stopped. Why is this? Well a raw egg contains a yolk that moves inside the egg independently of the shell. If you stop the shell, the yolk inside continues to move due to its inertia and it therefore gets the egg spinning again.

The title and thumbnail play a huge role in a video's success or failure.
Check out http://kiwico.com/Veritasium50 for 50% off your first month of any subscription!

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Written by Derek Muller
Animation by Ivy Tello
Filmed by Derek Muller and Emily Zhang
Additional video supplied by Getty Images
Produced by Derek Muller, Emily Zhang and Petr Lebedev

How Thermite turned the clickety-clack of railroads into seamless, silent tracks. Get an exclusive 15% discount on Saily data plans! Use code veritasium at checkout. Download Saily app or go to https://saily.com/veritasium
A massive thank you to everyone at Goldschmidt for making this possible. With special thanks to Dr. Axel Hoeschen, Christof Gassmann and Claudia Koch.

If you want to learn all the details about why we don’t need expansion joints anymore, check out Grady’s excellent video here: youtu.be/zqmOSMAtadc

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. https://snatoms.com/

Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

▀▀▀
00:00 The problem with continuous welded rail
03:33 How to weld two rails together
10:16 Why is rapidly cooled steel brittle?
11:40 Thermite reaction and a see-through mould
16:30 Clean up
19:11 Metallurgy
22:15 How strong is the weld?
24:26 Why don’t the rails buckle?

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References:
Practical Engineering. Why Railroads Don't Need Expansion Joints youtu.be/zqmOSMAtadc
Stress–strain curve In Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/stressstrain
The Efficient Engineer. Understanding Metals via Youtube https://youtu.be/PaGJwOPg2kU
moodlemech. Properties and Grain Structure via Youtube - youtu.be/uG35D_euM-0

Images & Video:
bhadeshi123. Martensitic transformation via Youtube youtu.be/OQ5lVjYssko
Stratford Works In Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/stratford
Electric Tram 1881 In Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/tram
Water Quenched Steel In Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/quench
Synagoge 1922 In Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/synagoge

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Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Alexander Tamas, Autodidactic Studios, Farbod Mansorian, Gnare, Juan Benet, Lee Redden, Meekay, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Ubiquity Ventures, Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, gpoly, Greg Scopel, I. H., KeyWestr, Kyi, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Spilmann Reed, Tj Steyn, TTST, wolfee.

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Directed by Derek Muller and Casper Mebius
Written by Derek Muller and Casper Mebius
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Rokas Vikšraitis and Fabio Albertelli
Filmed by Derek Muller, David Bochmann, Casper Mebius, Luise Dietert, Henning Fischer and Harald Schweiger
Additional research by Geeta Thakur
Produced by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, Gregor Čavlović, Geeta Thakur, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard and Tori Brittain
Thumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard and Ren Hurley
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Story Blocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

One scientist caused two environmental disasters and the deaths of millions. A part of this video is sponsored by Wren. Offset your carbon footprint on Wren: ​https://www.wren.co/start/veritasium. For the first 100 people who sign up, I will personally pay for the first month of your subscription!

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever:
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Massive thanks to Prof. Francois Tissot for suggesting we make a video on the topic of isotope geochemistry. Huge thanks to Prof. Bruce Lanphear for consulting with us on lead and cardiovascular diseases. Thanks to Rayner Moss for the help with the fire-piston.

Patterson’s 1995 interview audio courtesy of the Archives, California Institute of Technology.

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Other great resources you should check out:
Bill Bryson has a chapter in his fantastic “A Short History of Nearly Everything”
Radiolab have a wonderful podcast: https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/...
Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey has a wonderful episode – S1E7 which does a great job of telling the story of Clair Patterson
A fantastic Mental floss article – https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/9...

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References:

Much of the lead-crime hypothesis data is from Rick Nevin’s work – https://ricknevin.com/

WHO factsheet on lead poisoning – https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sh...

WHO press release about the end of leaded gasoline https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/08/...

UNICEF report – https://ve42.co/UNICEF

Needleman, H. (2004). Lead poisoning. Annu. Rev. Med., 55, 209-222. https://ve42.co/Needleman1

Needleman, H. L. (1991). Human lead exposure. CRC Press. https://ve42.co/Needleman2

Needleman, H. L. et al. (1979). Deficits in psychologic and classroom performance of children with elevated dentine lead levels. New England journal of medicine, 300(13), 689-695. – https://ve42.co/Needleman3

Needleman, H. L. et al. (1996). Bone lead levels and delinquent behavior. Jama, 275(5), 363-369. https://ve42.co/Needleman4

Kovarik, W. J. (1993). The ethyl controversy: the news media and the public health debate over leaded gasoline, 1924-1926 https://ve42.co/Kovarik2

Edelmann, F. T. (2016). The life and legacy of Thomas Midgley Jr. In Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania https://ve42.co/Edelmann

More, A. F. et al. (2017). Next‐generation ice core technology reveals true minimum natural levels of lead (Pb) in the atmosphere: Insights from the Black Death. GeoHealth, 1(4), 211-219. https://ve42.co/More1

McFarland, M. J., et al. (2022). PNAS 119(11), e2118631119. https://ve42.co/McFarland

Kovarik, W. (2005). Ethyl-leaded gasoline. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 11(4), 384-397. https://ve42.co/Kovarik3

Nevin, R. (2007). Understanding international crime trends: the legacy of preschool lead exposure. Environmental research, 104(3), 315-336. – https://ve42.co/Nevin2007

Ericson, J. E., et al. (1979). Skeletal concentrations of lead in ancient Peruvians. New England Journal of Medicine, 300(17), 946-951. – https://ve42.co/Ericson1

Patterson, Claire. The Isotopic Composition of Trace Quantities of Lead and Calcium https://ve42.co/Patterson1

Boutron, C. F., & Patterson, C. C. (1986). Lead concentration changes in Antarctic ice during the Wisconsin/Holocene transition. Nature, 323(6085), 222-225. – https://ve42.co/Boulton1

Patterson, C. (1956). Age of meteorites and the earth. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 10(4), 230-237. – https://ve42.co/Patterson2

Lanphear, B. P. et al (2018). Low-level lead exposure and mortality in US adults: a population-based cohort study. The Lancet Public Health, 3(4), e177-e184. – https://ve42.co/Lanphear1

Schaule, B. K., & Patterson, C. C. (1981). Lead concentrations in the northeast Pacific: evidence for global anthropogenic perturbations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 54(1), 97-116. – https://ve42.co/Schaule1

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Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Inconcision, Kelly Snook, TTST, Ross McCawley, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Dmitry Kuzmichev, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Micah Mangione, MJP, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Clayton Greenwell, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal

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Written by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Chris Stewart, and Katie Barnshaw
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Filmed by Petr Lebedev
Animation by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, and Caleb Worcester
SFX by Shaun Clifford
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang

Negative Pressure Exists! http://bit.ly/TFilQ8
Vsauce's Space Straw: http://bit.ly/XubIm3
Smarter Every Day's Prince Rupert's Drop: http://bit.ly/10VQBGW
ViHart's Optimal Potatoes: http://bit.ly/14egJoe

Thanks to Questacon for filming! Check out their slow-mo playlist: http://bit.ly/ZoWFGR
Science Alert brings science to your news feed: http://on.fb.me/14ehuxA

Music by Kevin Mcleod (http://incompetech.com): Pale Rider & The Cannery

Origami is inspiring a plethora of new engineering designs. Try yourself: https://ve42.co/Origami
Thanks Audible! Start listening with a 30-day trial and your first audiobook, plus two Audible Originals free when you go to https://audible.com/veritasium or text veritasium to 500500

Huge thanks to:
Dr. Robert Lang https://langorigami.com
Prof. Larry Howell https://www.compliantmechanisms.byu.edu/

On first glance it's surprising that origami -- a centuries old art of folding paper to achieve particular aesthetics -- is applicable to engineering. But upon closer consideration there are a lot of reasons methods developed for paper folding are also applicable to engineering: origami allows you to take a flat sheet of material and convert it to almost any shape only by folding. Plus for large flat structures, origami provides a way of shrinking dimensions while ensuring simply deployment - this is particularly useful for solar arrays in space applications. Furthermore, motions designed to take advantage of the flexibility of paper can also be used to form compliant mechanisms for engineering like the kaleidocycle. Since the principles of origami are scalable, mechanisms can also be dramatically miniaturized.

Some of the work shown is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Grant No. EFRI-ODISSEI-1240417. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

Special thanks to Patreon supporters:
Alfred Wallace, Arjun Chakroborty, Bryan Baker, Chris Vargas, Chuck Lauer Vose, DALE HORNE, Donal Botkin, halyoav, James Knight, Jasper Xin, Joar Wandborg, Kevin Beavers, kkm, Leah Howard, Lyvann Ferrusca, Michael Krugman, Noel Braganza, Pindex, Ron Neal, Sam Lutfi, Stan Presolski, Tige Thorman

Edited by
Jonny Hyman, Isaac Frame, and Derek Muller

Music by
Jonny Hyman

The robots of our future may look nothing like humans at all. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Huge thanks to Dr. Elliot Hawkes for giving us the updates on his robots, and for showing them to us over the years!

Our videos in this supercut:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qevIIQHrJZg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=daaDuC1kbds
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMQbHMgK2rw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97t7Xj_iBv0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=058hRtaCWC0

0:00 - Intro
2:04 - Unstoppable Vine Robot
15:13 - Update on Vine Robot!
20:24 - Highest Jumping Robot
32:15 - Update on the Jumper!
38:26 - Micromouse Competition
1:02:15 - Benefit of non-humanoid robots
1:02:48 - Brilliant
1:04:24 - Bendy Machines
1:16:26 - Soft Robots
1:25:55 - Conclusion

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee, and Yar

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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Images & Video:
All New Atlas via Boston Dynamics on YouTube - https://ve42.co/NewAtlas
Farewell to HD Atlas via Boston Dynamics on YouTube - https://ve42.co/HDAtlas
C-3PO via Cinemax on YouTube - https://ve42.co/C3PO
I, Robot via Movieclips on YouTube - https://ve42.co/iRobot
I, Robot No via ukery on YouTube - https://ve42.co/iRobotNo
Big Hero 6 via Flick Society on YouTube - https://ve42.co/BH6
Big Hero 6 via 茶茶君 on YouTube - https://ve42.co/2ndBH6
Roomba via iRobot on YouTube - https://ve42.co/Roomba

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Filmed by Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver and Peter Nelson
Produced by Emily Zhang, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, and Emily Taylor
Thumbnail contributions by Ignat Berbeci, Ren Hurley, and Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound

Space junk is a real problem. NASA now tracks around 20,000 pieces of debris orbiting Earth, most of them larger than 10cm across. Since the average speed of a collision between orbiting objects is 10 km/s these pieces of trash can cause a lot of damage despite their small size.

Scientists in Switzerland have a plan to clean up space junk - it involves creating a 'Janitor Satellite' that will seek out pieces of space junk to drag back into the atmosphere causing them to burn up.

This video was created for the Aussie science show Catalyst on the ABC: http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst

The total solar eclipse from Madras, Oregon on August 21, 2017. As the moon passed in front of the sun turning day to night and revealing the sun's corona, apparently all I could think to say was 'Oh my goodness!'

This awe-inspiring phenomenon returned to the US on April 8, 2024, when total solar eclipse crossed North America, passing over Mexico, the United States, and Canada.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Everyone says not to photograph your first solar eclipse and I think they might be right. I was focused on getting the exposure right for Bailey's beads and the diamond ring, plus making sure to get the corona and solar flares. This was a bit stressful but I'm delighted with the results.

This video originally included more info but since I'm uploading from Madras where the internet is sluggish, I cut out three minutes so the upload would happen before I had to leave for my flight.

Special thanks also to Dr. Teagan Wall for sharing this experience with me and Raquel Nuno for inspiring me to come to Oregon.

Music from http://epidemicsound.com "Spinning Earth 2" and
Kevin MacLeod http://incompetech.com "Big Mojo"