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If the human body could be distilled down into one molecule, what would our chemical formula be? And WHY is it that way? Is that one scene from Full Metal Alchemist even a little bit true?

There's a whole lot of elements on the periodic table, but life depends on relatively few of them in order to build all the things that keep us alive. This week, we'll look at why the chemistry of life is the way it is…

Special thanks to my miniature co-star Jimmy and his mom Kelly Malek!

Full Metal Alchemist ingredients for human body: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2Oiy3Z2m0c

All the elements in the human body: http://web2.airmail.net/uthman..../elements_of_body.ht

Could non-carbon-based life forms exist? http://www.reddit.com/r/asksci....ence/comments/2v5vij

The chemistry of life: http://www.livescience.com/350....5-chemistry-life-hum

The elemental difference between life and the ocean: http://www.mso.anu.edu.au/~cha....rley/papers/ChopraLi

We're born wet, and then we dry out: http://www.npr.org/blogs/krulw....ich/2013/11/25/24721
http://water.usgs.gov/edu/propertyyou.html

Market price of elements: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P....rices_of_elements_an


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Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
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Theme music:
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Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks

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Last week's video:
%$?# Allergies! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqrnShjM4II

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

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The science behind Earth's nocturnal light showClick here to SUBSCRIBE, it's FREE! -- http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

Space might seem like an empty place, but the area surrounding Earth is constantly being bombarded by waves of charged particles released by the Sun: The solar wind. Luckily, thanks to Earth's swirling, molten core (and the magnetic field it provides), we are protected from this planet-sterilizing onslaught like an invisible force field
All that science has a beautiful side effect: It makes the auroras! The Northern and Southern lights are the result of the solar wind and its dance with Earth's magnetic field and polar atmosphere. It's Earth's own cosmic light show!

References for this episode: http://dft.ba/-4G6G

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)
Special thanks to Laura Eakins from UT-Austin's Department of Astronomy

Music in this episode:
Gustav Holst: "Neptune, the Mystic," "Mercury, the Winged Messenger"
Johnny Ripper: "Speak"
Misha Nuis: "Ambient"

Clips used in this episode:
"Aurora 2012" by Christian Mülhauser http://vimeo.com/36141149
Gradient Sun by NASA: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUL4JY15jSg
Auroras underfoot by NASA: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WL_-Zz7JDoA
"Temporal Distortion" by Randy Halverson: http://vimeo.com/36684976
"In Plain Sight" by Brad Goldpaint: http://vimeo.com/52347966
Massive Solar Filament Eruption by NASA: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GrnGi-q6iWc
"ISS Stacks" by Christoph Malin: http://vimeo.com/51499009

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I am an absolute freak for cheese. Next to bread, it might be our oldest biotechnology! Here's some of the science about how it's made and where it comes from.

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Special thanks to Kara Chadbourne from Antonelli's Cheese in Austin, TX!!! She's a cheese genius.

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

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I smell a science storm a-comin'!!
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References:
"Nature of Argillaceous Odor" (1964) http://www.nature.com/nature/j....ournal/v201/n4923/ab
"Petrichor and Plant Growth" (1965)
http://www.nature.com/nature/j....ournal/v207/n5004/ab
Human nose can detect a trillion smells
http://news.sciencemag.org/bio....logy/2014/03/human-n
Petrichor and fish spawning
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com..../doi/10.1111/j.1095-
Camels seek out wet soil smells
http://www.theguardian.com/sci....ence/2003/mar/06/sci
Chemistry of petrichor:
http://cen.acs.org/articles/91..../i18/Scent-Rain-Stra
http://www.itsokaytobesmart.co....m/post/85815194542/c
http://www.scientificamerican.....com/article/storm-sc

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Camera
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews
Gaffer - John Knudsen

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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There are some startlingly black animals out there, whether they’re in the deep ocean or in the darkest corners of the rainforest. But humans have created some stunningly black substances too, using science and engineering. So who wins, nature or humans? In this video, I go in search of the blackest black things on Earth to see what’s really the blackest… and why.

Additional media provided by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI)
Thank you to Ryan Lavery at the Smithsonian Institution: National Museum of Natural History

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....references-blackest-

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Check out Destin’s video on Smarter Every Day: “DEVIL FACIAL TUMOR DISEASE” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hol33ga9G_E

“The Vital Question” by Nick Lane: http://amzn.to/1SntUdG

Further reading:
Bonner, J. T. (1998), The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol., 1: 27–36.

Grosberg, Richard K., and Richard R. Strathmann. "The evolution of multicellularity: a minor major transition?." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics (2007): 621-654.

Parfrey, Laura Wegener, and Daniel JG Lahr. "Multicellularity arose several times in the evolution of eukaryotes" Bioessays 35.4 (2013): 339-347.

Szathmary, Eors, and John Maynard Smith. "The major evolutionary transitions." NATURE 374 (1995): 16.

Szathmáry, Eörs. "Toward major evolutionary transitions theory 2.0."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112.33 (2015): 10104.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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“In Our Nature” is a NEW special limited series on It’s Okay To Be Smart!
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Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 6, we investigate a mystery. Millennia ago, while much of the Earth was covered in ice, enormous animals lived on every continent except Antarctica. Species like ground sloths, mammoths, gomphotheres, sabertooth cats, even wombats the size of cars! Today, Africa is the only continent where these megafaunas still exist. Why? What happened to the rest of Earth’s giants?

In Our Nature is a special miniseries produced by It’s Okay To Be Smart for PBS. Stay tuned for more episodes coming this summer, here on our YouTube channel!

Original Production Funding provided by: Anne Ray Foundation, a Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropy

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**We said 30 days free, but CuriosityStream is feeling extra generous and is giving our viewers the first 60 days free!!**

Do you remember having a cold in 5th grade? Or the flu a couple years ago? Your immune system does. Our bodies hold many levels of immune defense.Physical barriers like skin, the innate immune system, and our body’s most powerful defender, the adaptive immune system. Millions of B cells and T cells and antibodies are constantly on patrol for germs and antigen invaders. As scientists learn more about how this system works and how to engineer it, could we ever actually be immune to everything?

Special thanks to Dr. James Crowe (Vanderbilt University) http://www.crowelab.com/

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Check out “Venomous” by Christie Wilcox: http://bit.ly/VenomousBook
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Learn more:
LD50’s of various venomous snakes: http://snakedatabase.org/pages/LD50.php

Lynne Isbell’s “The Fruit, the Tree, and the Serpent” http://amzn.to/2afXQ91

Fry, Bryan G., et al. "Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes." Nature 439.7076 (2006): 584-588. http://www.nature.com/nature/j....ournal/v439/n7076/ab

Reyes-Velasco, Jacobo, et al. "Expression of venom gene homologs in diverse python tissues suggests a new model for the evolution of snake venom." Molecular biology and evolution 32.1 (2015): 173-183. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/....content/32/1/173.sho

Drabeck, Danielle H., Antony M. Dean, and Sharon A. Jansa. "Why the honey badger don't care: Convergent evolution of venom-targeted nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in mammals that survive venomous snake bites."Toxicon 99 (2015): 68-72. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/S

Opossum venom resistance: https://www.acs.org/content/ac....s/en/pressroom/newsr

Reddit AMA with Steve Ludwin, a snake venom self-immunizer: https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/....comments/17hzhk/iama

Van Le, Quan, et al. "Pulvinar neurons reveal neurobiological evidence of past selection for rapid detection of snakes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110.47 (2013): 19000-19005. http://www.pnas.org/content/110/47/19000.short

Thrasher, Cat, and Vanessa LoBue. "Do infants find snakes aversive? Infants’ physiological responses to “fear-relevant” stimuli." Journal of experimental child psychology 142 (2016): 382-390. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/S

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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AKA "The Brazil Nut Effect" but brazil nuts are blah
You can learn more at https://curiositystream.com/smart
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The bottom of the cereal box is a disappointing place. But at least now you know why. Where do you see the Brazil Nut Effect around you?

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REFERENCES:


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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
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Epigenetic inheritance is really weird, but is it real?
Tweet this ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSepi Share on FB ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSepiFB
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Crash Course Physics with Dr. Shini Somara: https://www.youtube.com/user/crashcourse

Want more on epigenetic inheritance? Start here:
Univ. of Utah’s Learn Genetics: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu..../content/epigenetics
Virginia Hughes - “Epigenetics: The Sins of the Father” http://www.nature.com/news/epi....genetics-the-sins-of

Dig deeper:

Szyf, Moshe. "Nongenetic inheritance and transgenerational epigenetics."Trends in molecular medicine 21.2 (2015): 134-144.
Sharma, Abhay. "Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance requires a much deeper analysis." Trends in molecular medicine 21.5 (2015): 269-270.
Heard, Edith, and Robert A. Martienssen. "Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: myths and mechanisms." Cell 157.1 (2014): 95-109.
Rando, Oliver J. "Daddy issues: paternal effects on phenotype." Cell 151.4 (2012): 702-708.
Jablonka, Eva, and Gal Raz. "Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: prevalence, mechanisms, and implications for the study of heredity and evolution." The Quarterly review of biology 84.2 (2009): 131-176.
Heijmans, Bastiaan T., et al. "Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105.44 (2008): 17046-17049.
Pembrey, Marcus, et al. "Human transgenerational responses to early-life experience: potential impact on development, health and biomedical research." Journal of medical genetics (2014): jmedgenet-2014.


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Music via APM
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Your winter isn't everyone's winter
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Sources:
Trenberth, Kevin E. "What are the seasons?." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 64.11 (1983): 1276-1282.
http://climate.envsci.rutgers.....edu/climdyn2014/Tren

http://nautil.us/blog/dont-bel....ieve-the-hype-winter



Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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I feel like I've seen this video before…
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Most of us have felt it before, that strange sensation that you've been somewhere or seen something before, as if you already remembered what's happening. Are you psychic? Nope, that's just déjà vu. Why does déjà vu happen? Well, scientists aren't completely sure, but they've got a few good theories about it.

Great déjà vu explainer from Jordan Gaines Lewis: http://www.gainesonbrains.com/....2012/02/seeing-into-

Some theories of why déjà vu happens: http://theconversation.com/exp....lainer-what-is-deja-

And now for something completely different: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2eUopy9sd8

Special thanks to Austin's Corona Cafe!

Cast:
Waiter - Joe Nicolosi (he's also the director)
Sneezing girl - Kate Eads (she's also associate producer)
Guy spilling coffee - John Knudesn (he's also gaffer)

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!

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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
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For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM

Stock images from Shutterstock

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Last week's video:
5 Weird Involuntary Behaviors Explained: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZE8sRMZ5BCA

More videos:
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Why Did We Blow on NES Games? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Gf9mtXnJfM
The Science of Game of Thrones - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Utu-LpJn3Is
There Was No First Human - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdWLhXi24Mo
How The Elements Got Their Names - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtg9p6A6xnY

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Get your #ididascience shirt here! http://dftba.com/besmart
Tweet this ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBScmb Share on FB ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBScmbFB
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Vintage Project Echo footage from “The Big Bounce” (1960): https://archive.org/details/BigBounc1960

Listen to the original static signal captured by Penzias and Wilson at Bell Labs: https://media-bell-labs-com.s3.....amazonaws.com/pages

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Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Music via APM
Stock images from SciencePhoto http://www.sciencephoto.com/ and Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
Stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted) http://www.videoblocks.com

Explore the DESI universe map here: https://newscenter.lbl.gov/202....4/04/04/desi-first-r

Another YouTube #shorts from Dr. Joe! Subscribe for more fun science stories.

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Just be yourself! Or be your other self. Whichever.
Subscribe: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub Twitter: @okaytobesmart
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Is the science of Orphan Black realistic? Could we clone humans, or engineer them to have customized traits? We take a look at today's genetic engineering technologies to find out if designer babies and human cloning is, or should be, a reality
BOOKS! For more on the modern science of cloning and genetic modification, read the book "Frankenstein's Cat" by Emily Anthes: http://amzn.to/1zsVizw

Chinese scientists have edited the genome of human embryos (sadly this news came out after we had filmed):
http://www.theverge.com/2015/4..../23/8477491/human-ge
How CRISPRs work: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pp17E4E-O8
Scientists call for a moratorium on human gene editing: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03..../20/science/biologis
Three-parent babies: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06..../29/magazine/the-bra


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
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-----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Google+ https://plus.google.com/+itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks

-----------------

Last week's video:
Is Ultron Inevitable? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Irmtk5QG8s

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

You can learn more at https://curiositystream.com/smart
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You know you’ve wondered. Do fish actually pee? And what does that make the ocean… one big toilet?


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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Derek Borsheim and Sara Roma
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Go to http://Raceforretirement.com and see how the action gap affects you.
Tweet this video ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBStraf Share on FB ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBStrafFB
↓ More info and sources below ↓

CGP Grey "The Simple Solution to Traffic" https://youtu.be/iHzzSao6ypE
ASAPscience "How Not To Get Stuck In Traffic" https://youtu.be/APkpiO0QQ_k

Book recommendation! "Traffic: Why We Drive the Way We Do" by Tom Vanderbilt http://amzn.to/2durlGP

References:
INRIX 2015 traffic stats: http://inrix.com/scorecard/key-findings-us/

Couzin, Iain D., and Nigel R. Franks. "Self-organized lane formation and optimized traffic flow in army ants." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 270.1511 (2003): 139-146.

Fourcassié, Vincent, Audrey Dussutour, and Jean-Louis Deneubourg. "Ant traffic rules." Journal of Experimental Biology 213.14 (2010): 2357-2363.

Hönicke, C., P. Bliss, and R. F. A. Moritz. "Effect of density on traffic and velocity on trunk trails of Formica pratensis." The Science of Nature 102.3-4 (2015): 1-9.

Larson, Richard C. "There's More to a Line than its Wait." Technology Review 91.5 (1988): 60-67.

Maister, David H. The psychology of waiting lines. Harvard Business School, 1984.

Perna, Andrea, et al. "Individual rules for trail pattern formation in Argentine ants (Linepithema humile)." PLoS Comput Biol 8.7 (2012): e1002592.

----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/jtotheizzoe
Snapchat: YoDrJoe

Produced by PBS Digital Studios

Music via APM
Stock images from SciencePhoto http://www.sciencephoto.com/ and Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

Another YouTube #shorts from Dr. Joe! Subscribe for more fun science stories.

Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

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http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

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Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

This episode is brought to you by Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/
Tweet ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSplacebos Share on FB ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSplaceboFB
↓ More info and sources below ↓

How does the placebo effect work? Here's how your brain tricks itself when it comes to medicine

Follow me to Reactions to learn what is (and isn’t) in those vitamin supplements: https://youtu.be/9gQoG0AT3kY

We’ve got t-shirts! Get yours here: http://store.dftba.com/collect....ions/its-okay-to-be-

References:
Niemi, M. B. (2009). Placebo Effect: A Cure in the Mind: Scientific American.Placebo Effect: A Cure in the Mind: Scientific American.

Price, D. D., Finniss, D. G., & Benedetti, F. (2008). A comprehensive review of the placebo effect: recent advances and current thought. Annu. Rev. Psychol.,59, 565-590.

Finniss, D. G., Kaptchuk, T. J., Miller, F., & Benedetti, F. (2010). Biological, clinical, and ethical advances of placebo effects. The Lancet, 375(9715), 686-695.

Marchant, J. (2015). Strong placebo response thwarts painkiller trials. Nature News http://www.nature.com/news/str....ong-placebo-response

Dr. Ben Goldacre's book "Bad Science" http://amzn.to/1TZ5WUE

Harold Pashler "Encyclopedia of the Mind" http://amzn.to/1HT7RJ4

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: http://instagram.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Snapchat: YoDrJoe

-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc.
Kate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music: “Ouroboros” by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Follow me to MONSTRUM! https://youtu.be/x-GjSU4nOxE
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Ever feel like you aren't totally yourself? Well, maybe you aren't. In this video, we explore the idea of human chimeras. In mythology, the "Chimaera" was a beast made from different animals combined into one. But in biology, a chimera is a single organism whose body is made from parts of two or more genetically distinct individuals of the same species. Biological chimeras were once thought to be rare, but modern genetics has shown us that these genetic mashups are so common, that you yourself may actually be a chimera. And even if you don't have part of another body in you, your body is certainly not just one thing. We also discuss the idea of mosaicism and how it relates to cancer, Tasmanian devils, and circus sideshow attractions. #genetics #chimera

Special thanks to Dr. Emily Zarka, our favorite monsterologist!

SOURCES: https://sites.google.com/view/....human-chimeras-refer

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Over 200 years ago, scientists were looking at sunlight through a prism when they noticed that part of the rainbow was missing. There were dark lines where there should have been colors. Since then, scientists have unlocked the secrets encoded in these lines, using it to uncover mind-boggling facts about the fundamental nature of our universe and about worlds light-years away.

Want to build your own DIY spectrometer? Mine is a modified version of this one from @exploratorium https://www.exploratorium.edu/....snacks/cd-spectrosco
And here's what you'll need to make one: https://amzn.to/3sbhr7C

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....whysomeoftherainbowi

0:00 Fraunhofer's mystery of missing colors
0:54 Playing with fire
2:11 Puzzle pieces and color codes
3:30 Electrons do the strangest things
5:40 How to make a rainbow analyzer
8:00 Using rainbows to understand the universe
9:57 Life beyond Earth
10:57 Final thoughts

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Are you a left-brained person or a right-brained person? Spoiler: You're neither. Each of us uses both sides of our brain for most of what we do. But still, there are a number of brain functions that do show lateralization, where they are localized to one side or another. Why is this? And how does it influence our definition of consciousness? People with "split brains" can help us figure it out.

Special thanks to Dr. Michael Gazzaniga for his help researching this video!
Here's a wonderful vintage film featuring Dr. Gazzaniga's early split brain work: https://archive.org/details/splitbrain

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READ MORE:

Gazzaniga, Michael S. "Forty-five years of split-brain research and still going strong." Nature reviews. Neuroscience 6.8 (2005): 653.
http://bit.ly/2ymOh55

Gazzaniga, Michael S. "The split-brain: Rooting consciousness in biology." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.51 (2014): 18093-18094.
http://bit.ly/2yoacZo

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It's Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Shaena Montanari, Ph.D.
Editor/animator: Andrew Orsak
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com