PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Thank you for The Great Courses Plus for supporting PBS. To learn more click http://ow.ly/3fCw30qmlF1
We’re on PATREON now! Join the community ►► https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

If the sun instantly switched off like a light bulb–which can’t happen, by the way–then we wouldn’t know for almost 8 and a half minutes. Light travels at the fastest speed there is, but it still takes almost 500 seconds to get to Earth. That’s how long it would take before we knew the sun went dark. But the most amazing thing about the sunlight we see is it’s actually really old. SUPER old. AMAZINGLY OLD! Tens of thousands of years old. How is that possible? Because of the physics and mathematics of random walks.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....how-old-is-sunlight-

Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:
AlecZero
Bob Rosset
Brent M.
Diego Lombeida
George Gladding
Ron Kakar
vincbis

-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Arrow of Time FAQ: http://preposterousuniverse.co....m/eternitytohere/faq

Arrow of Time wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

Sean Carroll's TED talk on time and the multiverse: http://www.ted.com/talks/sean_....carroll_distant_time

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editor and motion graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Stock video via Videoblocks

Music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

Another YouTube #shorts from Dr. Joe! Subscribe for more fun science stories.

Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

You can learn more at https://curiositystream.com/smart
SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

Humans have a hard time with really big numbers, especially when it comes to DEEP TIME. The history of the Earth took a lot longer than you think, trust me. But I’m here to help you put it in perspective. With some string.

REFERENCES:
http://bit.ly/DeepTimeRefs

-----------
FOLLOW US:

Twitter: @DrJoeHanson @okaytobesmart
Instagram: @DrJoeHanson
https://www.itsokaytobesmart.com/
Merch: https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart


BOOKS WE’VE FEATURED:
http://smart-books.tumblr.com/

-----------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Researcher: Sarah Jenevein
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editors/animators: Derek Borsheim
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Don’t be hard-headed. You should SUBSCRIBE! http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
Tweet this video ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSbang Share on FB ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSbangFB
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Translate this video: LINK TKTK
Want to wear your love for science? We’ve got merch: http://dftba.com/besmart

-We’d like to thank these folks-

Special thanks to Dr. Lorna Gibson of MIT for her woodpecker biomechanics expertise

Three-dimensional reconstructions based on CT data courtesy of DigiMorph.org

Pileated woodpecker slo-mo footage courtesy of Dr. Robert Shadwick/University of British Columbia

-References/Learn More-

Daneshvar, Daniel H., et al. "The epidemiology of sport-related concussion." Clinics in sports medicine 30.1 (2011): 1-17.

Gibson, L. J. "Woodpecker pecking: how woodpeckers avoid brain injury." Journal of Zoology 270.3 (2006): 462-465.

Haldane, John BS. "On being the right size." Harper’s Magazine 152 (1926): 424-427.

Maroon, Joseph C., et al. "Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in contact sports: a systematic review of all reported pathological cases." PloS one 10.2 (2015): e0117338.

May, Philip RA, et al. "Woodpecker drilling behavior: an endorsement of the rotational theory of impact brain injury." Archives of Neurology 36.6 (1979): 370-373.

Schwab, Ivan R. "Cure for a headache." British Journal of Ophthalmology86.8 (2002): 843-843.

Wang, Lizhen, et al. "Why do woodpeckers resist head impact injury: a biomechanical investigation." PloS one 6.10 (2011): e26490.

----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Twitter: @okaytobesmart @DrJoeHanson
Instagram: @okaytobesmart @DrJoeHanson

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from SciencePhoto http://www.sciencephoto.com/ and Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

How scientifically accurate is your favorite sci-fi space battle?

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Subscribe to It's Okay To Be Smart: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

Joseph Shoer has several extensive, in-depth articles on the physics of space warfare:
http://josephshoer.com/blog/20....09/12/thoughts-on-sp
http://josephshoer.com/blog/20....10/07/projecting-spa

Space warfare: Almost everything you know is probably wrong http://www.escapistmagazine.co....m/forums/read/18.100

Is space warfare really practical? http://www.escapistmagazine.co....m/forums/read/18.846

Zero-g dogfighting for dummies: http://www.citizenstarnews.com..../news/zero-g-dogfigh

Projectile weapons vs. directed energy weapons: http://forum.gateworld.net/thr....eads/17263-Projectil

Nukes in space: http://www.projectrho.com/publ....ic_html/rocket/space

Effects of radiation weapons in space: http://www.projectrho.com/publ....ic_html/rocket/radia

Could the Death Star really destroy a planet? http://www.universetoday.com/9....2746/could-a-death-s

"Sir Isaac Newton is the deadliest son of a b***h in space" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLpgxry542M

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews/Kirby Conn
Gaffers - John Knudsen/Philip Sheldon
Post-production intern - Dalton Allen

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

Is beer the perfect beverage? Let's see what science says...

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Subscribe to It's Okay To Be Smart: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

Big thank you to Jester King Brewery in Austin, TX: http://jesterkingbrewery.com/

The chemistry of beer flavors: http://www.compoundchem.com/20....14/07/10/beerchemica

Uncorking the past, a history of alcoholic beverages: http://www.economist.com/node/883706

Domestication of grain in near east: http://www.nature.com/nrg/jour....nal/v3/n6/abs/nrg817

Alcohol and social complexity in ancient western Asia: http://alexanderjoffe.net/alcohol.pdf

Finally, a weird Dutch Heineken ad from the 1950's about sending beer to the moon: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I03AxY5gA8I

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews
Gaffer - John Knudsen
Post-production intern - Dalton Allen

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

This episode is brought to you by Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/
Follow me to Gross Science: https://youtu.be/kRUt9pqMCSg and BrainCraft: https://youtu.be/Joalg73L_gw
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Tweet ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSmourn Share on FB ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSmournFB

We’ve got t-shirts! Get yours here: http://store.dftba.com/collect....ions/its-okay-to-be-

BOOK RECOMMENDATION: Barbara J. King "How Animals Grieve" http://amzn.to/1MD7Jz5

References:
Barbara J. King “When Animals Mourn” Scientific American http://www.nature.com/scientif....icamerican/journal/v



Jason G. Goldman “Death Rituals In The Animal Kingdom” http://www.bbc.com/future/stor....y/20120919-respect-t

Iain Douglas Hamilton “Behavioural reactions of elephants towards a dying and deceased matriarch” Applied Animal Behavior Science http://www.appliedanimalbehavi....our.com/article/S016

Chimpanzees mourning dead infants:
http://www.mpg.de/1071360/mourning_chimpanzee
http://www.cell.com/current-bi....ology/abstract/S0960
(video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nM9GLhuPDXA)


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: http://instagram.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Snapchat: YoDrJoe

-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc.
Kate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music: “Ouroboros” by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

Meter? …or Metre?
Try CuriosityStream and learn something new today: http://curiositystream.com/smart
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Why is a meter a meter? The meter is the world’s ultimate measure, but how did it become “the” meter? What is this measurement based on? The story of this revolution in measurement traces its roots to the French Revolution. Scientists decided that an equal and united people should have equal and united measures. So they sent a pair of young astronomers out to measure the world, and invent the meter. Little did they know they’d find nothing but war, deception, and strife along the way. As a result of this ill-fated mission, the meter carries an error that still persists today. Still think the metric system is so perfect?

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

-----------
LEARN MORE:
This episode would not have been possible without one incredible book: “The Measure of All Things” by Ken Alder.
There’s so much more to this story that we couldn’t fit in the video, and this book has it all. War, madness, deception, shame, spies, the dawn of the Enlightenment, the birth of modern economics, lots more beheadings… Highly recommended!
Amazon: http://amzn.to/2lNuEyD
Public library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/893130606

MORE:
Interesting chronology of the meter: http://www.dozenalsociety.org.....uk/metrix/chronology

Calculating the length of a meridian arc: http://www.cantab.net/users/mi....chael.behrend/map_fo

Williams, Jeffrey H. “Quantifying Measurement: The Tyranny of Numbers.” Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2016

Murdin, Paul. “Full meridian of glory: perilous adventures in the competition to measure the Earth.” Springer Science & Business Media, 2008.

-----------
FOLLOW US:

Merch: https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Twitter: @okaytobesmart @DrJoeHanson
Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Instagram: @DrJoeHanson
-----------

It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
Producer/editor/animator: Andrew Matthews
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
↓ More info and sources below ↓

A summertime look at why we sweat, why we burn, and why our fingers wrinkle in the pool.

References/further reading:
Eccrine and apocrine sweat glands: https://www.inkling.com/read/d....ermatology-bolognia-

"Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?" M. Changizi et al, Brain Behav Evol 2011 http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/328223

(Not everyone agrees with the rain tread hypothesis, though: http://www.plosone.org/article..../info%3Adoi%2F10.137

Sunburn/UV light triggers immune response: http://www.nature.com/nm/journ....al/v18/n8/full/nm.28

UV-A rays and Unilateral Dermoheliosis (the truck driver's face) http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/1....0.1056/NEJMicm110405

DNA damage and repair and their role in carcinogenesis http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21554/

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews
Gaffer - John Knudsen

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

You can learn more at https://curiositystream.com/smart
Stay curious and SUBSCRIBE! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

Have you ever noticed that warning about raw or undercooked seafood at the bottom of restaurant menus? Ever wondered why it’s there? Because fish carry a ton of parasites, and if they aren’t prepared correctly then those parasites can make it into your body. But it turns out, this fishy intersection with the wild world of parasites can teach us a lot about how these moochers help keep ecosystems healthy, and why we should protect them.

REFERENCES:

Parasite Evolution https://www.livescience.com/55483-wei...

The World’s Parasites Are Going Extinct. Here’s Why That’s a Bad Thing https://www.smithsonianmag.com/scienc...

History of Human Parisitology https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...

Parasites in Seattle Sushi http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/sea...

Dramatic evolution within human genome may have been caused by malaria parasite http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/0...

Parasite Rex by Carl Zimmer https://www.amazon.com/Parasite-Rex-B...

Interviews and conversations with:
Colin J. Carlson (National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center)
Chelsea L. Wood (University of Washington)


-----------
FOLLOW US:

Twitter: @DrJoeHanson @okaytobesmart
Instagram: @DrJoeHanson
Merch: https://store.dftba.com/collections/i...
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart

SEND US STUFF:

It’s Okay To Be Smart
PO Box 303356
Austin, TX 78703
USA

BOOKS WE’VE FEATURED:
http://smart-books.tumblr.com/

-----------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Shaena Montanari, Ph.D.
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Sara Roma
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

A brief history of time…
Don’t miss our next video! SUBSCRIBE! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

How did we come up with our system of telling time? Why do we divide the day into 24 hours of 60 minutes each, and put 60 seconds in each minute? Where does the definition of a second come from? And who decides what clock shows the correct time? There’s clearly a lot of questions when it comes to time.

READ MORE:

“Galileo’s Pendulum” - Roger Newton http://amzn.to/2yQri5E

“Revolution in Time” - David Landes http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/890167780

-----------
FOLLOW US:

Merch: https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Twitter: @okaytobesmart @DrJoeHanson
Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Instagram: @DrJoeHanson
-----------

It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Matt Caplan, Ph.D. and Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Editor/animator: David Schulte
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

Explore the DESI universe map here: https://newscenter.lbl.gov/202....4/04/04/desi-first-r

Another YouTube #shorts from Dr. Joe! Subscribe for more fun science stories.

Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Subscribe to It's Okay To Be Smart: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

Here's why you aren't built like a lobster.

Our bodies are mirror images of lobsters and other arthropods from back to belly. We've know since the early 19th century that our guts and nervous systems are inverted from theirs, but only recently has molecular biology shown us why. Here's the evolutionary tale about a worm doing the backstroke and why your guts are on your front.

This is part 2 of 3 in my series about how our bodies evolved to look like they do. Check out the others:
Part 1 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdNE4WygyAk
Part 3 - Coming Friday!

More info:

Dorsoventral inversion: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I....nversion_(evolutiona

Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%....C3%89tienne_Geoffroy

Common animal body plan between protostomes and deuterostomes: http://www.hhmi.ucla.edu/derob....ertis/EDR_MS/Evo-Dev

How we know that our body plan came later: http://scienceblogs.com/pharyn....gula/2006/01/12/hemi

Step by step along the evolutionary tree:
http://tolweb.org/Bilateria/2459
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterostome
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostome
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urochordata
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalochordata
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata

Evolutionary timeline of vertebrates: http://www.utexas.edu/news/2008/03/03/tree/

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editor and motion graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
↓ More info and sources below ↓

We’re on PATREON! Join the community ►► https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

There’s a lot of confusion out there about what is and isn’t a dinosaur. And you’d be forgiven for being kinda confused. Maybe paleontologists are just messing with us. Or… maybe the question of what is and isn’t a dinosaur goes deeper than we think? Well, like an intrepid fossil hunter, I set out to dig up an answer, and what I found teaches us a lesson about how hard it is to build a picture of the past when you only have a few puzzle pieces and a lot about why we classify things the way we do.

"The Rise and Fall of the Dinosaurs" by Dr. Steve Brusatte https://amzn.to/2Nndyoj

"Scrotum Humanum" comes from Brookes, R. (Richard). (1763). A new and accurate system of natural history ... London: Printed for J. Newbery.
https://archive.org/details/ne....waccuratesyste05broo

Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:
AlecZero
Diego Lombeida
Dustin
Ernesto Silva
George Gladding
Jay Stephens
Marcus Tuepker
Megan K Bradshaw
Peter Ehrnstrom
Ron Kakar
vincbis

Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

Behold the COSMOTRON 5000!!!

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Subscribe to It's Okay To Be Smart: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

How to build your own cloud chamber particle detector and test relativity at home: http://www.fromquarkstoquasars.....com/make-a-cosmic-r

Carl Sagan discusses cosmic radiation and the origin of life in "Cosmic Connection": http://amzn.to/1wiHIsu

Learn about muons, time dilation, and relativity: http://cosmic.lbl.gov/SKliewer..../Cosmic_Rays/Muons.h

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

You can learn more at https://curiositystream.com/smart
SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

You know you’ve wondered. Do fish actually pee? And what does that make the ocean… one big toilet?


-----------
FOLLOW US:

Twitter: @DrJoeHanson @okaytobesmart
Instagram: @DrJoeHanson
Merch: https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart

SEND US STUFF:

It’s Okay To Be Smart
PO Box 303356
Austin, TX 78703
USA

BOOKS WE’VE FEATURED:
http://smart-books.tumblr.com/

-----------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Derek Borsheim and Sara Roma
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Go to http://Raceforretirement.com and see how the action gap affects you.
Tweet this video ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBStraf Share on FB ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBStrafFB
↓ More info and sources below ↓

CGP Grey "The Simple Solution to Traffic" https://youtu.be/iHzzSao6ypE
ASAPscience "How Not To Get Stuck In Traffic" https://youtu.be/APkpiO0QQ_k

Book recommendation! "Traffic: Why We Drive the Way We Do" by Tom Vanderbilt http://amzn.to/2durlGP

References:
INRIX 2015 traffic stats: http://inrix.com/scorecard/key-findings-us/

Couzin, Iain D., and Nigel R. Franks. "Self-organized lane formation and optimized traffic flow in army ants." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 270.1511 (2003): 139-146.

Fourcassié, Vincent, Audrey Dussutour, and Jean-Louis Deneubourg. "Ant traffic rules." Journal of Experimental Biology 213.14 (2010): 2357-2363.

Hönicke, C., P. Bliss, and R. F. A. Moritz. "Effect of density on traffic and velocity on trunk trails of Formica pratensis." The Science of Nature 102.3-4 (2015): 1-9.

Larson, Richard C. "There's More to a Line than its Wait." Technology Review 91.5 (1988): 60-67.

Maister, David H. The psychology of waiting lines. Harvard Business School, 1984.

Perna, Andrea, et al. "Individual rules for trail pattern formation in Argentine ants (Linepithema humile)." PLoS Comput Biol 8.7 (2012): e1002592.

----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/jtotheizzoe
Snapchat: YoDrJoe

Produced by PBS Digital Studios

Music via APM
Stock images from SciencePhoto http://www.sciencephoto.com/ and Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Your brain is hungry. Here's how to feed it.

SUBSCRIBE, it's FREE! http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

Ever wonder why we cook our food? We do it because it tastes good, of course, and because our customs and traditions are built around it. But we also cook our food for some basic biological reasons, because of evolution. Some scientists think that figuring out how to cook actually MADE us human!

If conversation gets a little dry around your holiday table, now you'll have some awesome science to share with everyone!

Richard Wrangham - "Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human" http://amzn.to/1cg5flN

"The Raw and the Stolen" (PDF) - Richard Wrangham et al. http://bit.ly/JTLYfe
(that one has some of the counterarguments, too)
Greg Laden's summary: http://bit.ly/1dx46oc

Cooked Foods Needed for Early Human Brain: http://bit.ly/1l8bqJE

Man Entered the Kitchen 1.9 Million Years Ago: http://bit.ly/1c1vcB5

What made us human: http://bit.ly/19lp4cU and http://www.epjournal.net/wp-co....ntent/uploads/EP0834

The story might not be quite so simple, though: http://blogs.plos.org/neuroant....hropology/2010/10/28

Joe Hanson - Host
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKatie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Isaac Hammons - Audio Recordist
Stephen Bohls, Editor, Kino-Eye POST
Christopher Chiles, Motion Graphics
Kate Eads - Production Manager
Intro music - Victor Herbert Orchestra, "Chinese Dance of the Mirillitons from the Nutcracker 1913"
Body music - Podington Bear's "AlgoRhythmNatural"
Special thanks to Thinkery Austin

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
↓ More info and sources below ↓

If you traced your family tree back 185 million generations through evolution, you wouldn't be looking at a human, a primate, or even a mammal. You'd be looking at a fish. So where along that line does the first human show up? The answer may surprise you!

Inspired by Richard Dawkins' "The Magic of Reality" http://amzn.to/1eFPE0v
Also check out Richard Dawkins' "The Ancestor's Tale" http://amzn.to/1fbf17e

Images of prehistoric species used in this episode:
Tiktaalik, Procunsul, Plesiadapsis, Juramaia, Hylonomus - by Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com/)
Homo erectus (by Tim Evanson) http://bit.ly/1uwI5zu

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editor and motion graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/