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How does the placebo effect work? Here's how your brain tricks itself when it comes to medicine

Follow me to Reactions to learn what is (and isn’t) in those vitamin supplements: https://youtu.be/9gQoG0AT3kY

We’ve got t-shirts! Get yours here: http://store.dftba.com/collect....ions/its-okay-to-be-

References:
Niemi, M. B. (2009). Placebo Effect: A Cure in the Mind: Scientific American.Placebo Effect: A Cure in the Mind: Scientific American.

Price, D. D., Finniss, D. G., & Benedetti, F. (2008). A comprehensive review of the placebo effect: recent advances and current thought. Annu. Rev. Psychol.,59, 565-590.

Finniss, D. G., Kaptchuk, T. J., Miller, F., & Benedetti, F. (2010). Biological, clinical, and ethical advances of placebo effects. The Lancet, 375(9715), 686-695.

Marchant, J. (2015). Strong placebo response thwarts painkiller trials. Nature News http://www.nature.com/news/str....ong-placebo-response

Dr. Ben Goldacre's book "Bad Science" http://amzn.to/1TZ5WUE

Harold Pashler "Encyclopedia of the Mind" http://amzn.to/1HT7RJ4

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
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For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc.
Kate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music: “Ouroboros” by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

This video was supported by Bill and Melinda Gates. You can check out the Gates Annual Letter here: http://b-gat.es/2lhhtmJ.
↓ More info and sources below ↓

We’re proud to collaborate with Bill and Melinda Gates for this week’s video! It may sometimes seem like things are getting worse, but there’s lots of reasons to be optimistic about the future. More people have access to toilets and sanitation than ever before. Thanks to public health improvements like this, since 1990, 122 million children’s lives have been saved. Diseases like polio are nearing eradication. Women have more access to health care and education than ever before.

But our work is not done. How can YOU help make the future better for the world’s poorest?

SPECIAL THANKS:
Bill and Melinda Gates
Francisco de los Reyes (watch his TED talk: https://www.ted.com/talks/fran....cis_de_los_reyes_san

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LEARN MORE:

George, Rose. “The Big Necessity: The unmentionable world of human waste and why it matters.” 2008.

Perdew, Laura. “How the Toilet Changed History” 2016.

Ferriman, A. (2007). BMJ readers choose the “sanitary revolution” as greatest medical advance since 1840. BMJ : British Medical Journal, 334(7585), 111. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39097.611806.DB

CDC Global WASH statistics: https://www.cdc.gov/healthywat....er/global/wash_stati

WHO Toilet/Sanitation Fact Sheet: http://www.who.int/mediacentre..../factsheets/fs392/en

WaterAid “We Can’t Wait”: http://www.wateraid.org/what-w....e-do/our-approach/re

Unilever “Toilets for Health” https://www.unilever.com/Image....s/sd_toilets-for-hea

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
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Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

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To learn more about Brilliant, go to https://brilliant.org/BeSmart/ and sign up for free. First 200 people will get 20% off the annual Premium subscription.
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You can be a human computer too. Our cheat sheet: http://bit.ly/2rftqkv

Want to go NEXT LEVEL? Learn how to adjust for Julian calendar and BC dates

You might think that computers are the only things that run algorithms, but you're wrong. Here's a neat mental trick for calculating the day of the week for any day ever, developed by famous mathematician John H. Conway

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READ MORE:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomsday_rule

Martin Gardner, "The Universe in a Handkerchief: Lewis Carroll's Mathematical Recreations, Games, Puzzles, and Word Plays"

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It's Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox
Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Hold on to your butts. This episode is about… butts. The science and evolutionary history of your rear end, the down-low on your derriere, shining a little light where the sun don't shine… you get the picture. But(t) seriously, we don't talk about this all-important hole enough, and how, from an evolutionary perspective, it might be the most important orifice on your body.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....briefhistoryofbutts-

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Earth’s climate is changing in a big way, and it’s because there's more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than at any point in our species’ history. But Earth’s climate has changed before. How do we know that this time we’re the cause? We know thanks to tiny bubbles of ancient atmosphere trapped in ice. #climatechange #globalwarming

Thanks to Dr. Jeff Severinghaus and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....ice-cores-climate-ch

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It sounds like such an incredible fact. “Our own cells are outnumbered by our microbes 10 to 1!” I don’t remember where I first heard it. But I read it in science papers and articles by journalists, so I believed it without question. I even made one of my first videos based on this fact. Problem is, this fact is not true. So how did it remain firmly planted in our common knowledge for almost four decades without any scientific scrutiny? And how can you prepare yourself to not be fooled by other scientific urban legends? I look at a few of the most famous incorrect factoids in science, and give a few suggestions for how to make our common knowledge more correct.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....7-scientific-urban-l

Please do not watch this old video, it is wrong and my hair is awful: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BZME8H7-KU


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Building a perfect igloo takes cool science!
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If you ever find yourself stranded in the snowy Arctic (or bored in Minecraft), you’re gonna need to know how to build an igloo. But how can building a house made of ice keep you warm? The science behind building an igloo is the same reason that otters and reindeer don't freeze to death!

LEARN MORE:

There really ARE 50 Eskimo words for snow: http://wapo.st/2iwThf3

PBS Idea Channel - An Infinite Number of Words for Snow https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CX6i2M4AoZw

Why there’s no such thing as cold: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Akd7MMRKDwc

How early humans settled the Arctic: https://uaf.edu/files/olli/Den....bigh-Slides_lowres.p

How to build a scientifically perfect igloo: http://www.popsci.com/how-to-build-an-igloo


It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.

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Your love life would be WILD
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Special thanks to Jurgen Otto and Brave Bison for that great peacock spider video! Check out https://www.youtube.com/user/Peacockspiderman

Get a sneak peek of the Maker Box I'm curating for Quarterly: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vit_ozLnHmA
Order yours by Feb. 22, 2017! ttp://on.qrtr.ly/ItsOKtoMake

Ever find yourself wishing for relationship advice and have no one to turn to? Looking for the secrets to a long and happy relationship but can’t find the answers? Maybe you just want to know how to tell that certain someone that you like them, but don’t know how to make the first move? Have no fear, Mother Nature is here! Other animals have millennia worth of mating experience, maybe they can teach us a thing or two?

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Editor/animator/producer: Andrew Matthews
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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The cutest conservation story ever? Maybe.
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Special thanks to Dr. Donna Shaver and the Padre Island National Seashore Division of Sea Turtle Science and Recovery for having us!
Andrés Herrera film courtesy of Dr. Thane Wibbels - University of Alabama at Birmingham

References/Learn More:

Bevan, E., et al. "Estimating the historic size and current status of the Kemp's ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) population." Ecosphere 7.3 (2016).

Johnsen, Sönke, and Kenneth J. Lohmann. "The physics and neurobiology of magnetoreception." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6.9 (2005): 703-712.

Lohmann, Kenneth J., Nathan F. Putman, and Catherine MF Lohmann. "Geomagnetic imprinting: a unifying hypothesis of long-distance natal homing in salmon and sea turtles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences105.49 (2008): 19096-19101.

Lohmann, Kenneth, and Catherine Lohmann. "Detection of magnetic inclination angle by sea turtles: a possible mechanism for determining latitude." Journal of Experimental Biology 194.1 (1994): 23-32.

Putman, Nathan F., et al. "Evidence for geomagnetic imprinting as a homing mechanism in Pacific salmon." Current Biology 23.4 (2013): 312-316.

Shaver, Donna J., and Charles W. Caillouet Jr. "Reintroduction of Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) sea turtle to Padre Island National Seashore, Texas and its connection to head-starting." Herpetological Conservation and Biology 10.1 (2015): 378-435.

Ueda, H. "Physiological mechanisms of imprinting and homing migration in Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp." Journal of fish biology 81.2 (2012): 543-558.

----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you ) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

You're gonna lobe this video
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Are you a left-brained person or a right-brained person? Spoiler: You're neither. Each of us uses both sides of our brain for most of what we do. But still, there are a number of brain functions that do show lateralization, where they are localized to one side or another. Why is this? And how does it influence our definition of consciousness? People with "split brains" can help us figure it out.

Special thanks to Dr. Michael Gazzaniga for his help researching this video!
Here's a wonderful vintage film featuring Dr. Gazzaniga's early split brain work: https://archive.org/details/splitbrain

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READ MORE:

Gazzaniga, Michael S. "Forty-five years of split-brain research and still going strong." Nature reviews. Neuroscience 6.8 (2005): 653.
http://bit.ly/2ymOh55

Gazzaniga, Michael S. "The split-brain: Rooting consciousness in biology." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.51 (2014): 18093-18094.
http://bit.ly/2yoacZo

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It's Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Shaena Montanari, Ph.D.
Editor/animator: Andrew Orsak
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
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Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Go to http://Raceforretirement.com and see how the action gap affects you.
Follow all of our Peru adventures on this playlist: http://bit.ly/SmartPeru
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Special thanks to Rainforest Expeditions for hosting us! Visit http://www.perunature.com/

References:
Wilson, E.O. "The Diversity of Life" http://eowilsonfoundation.org/....the-diversity-of-lif

Eichhorn, Markus P. "Latitudinal gradients." Natural Systems: The organisation of life: 249-264.

"Tropical Ecology" (textbook) by John Kircher (2011) http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9486.html

Condamine, Fabien L., et al. "What causes latitudinal gradients in species diversity? Evolutionary processes and ecological constraints on swallowtail biodiversity." Ecology letters 15.3 (2012): 267-277.

Jenkins, Clinton N., Stuart L. Pimm, and Lucas N. Joppa. "Global patterns of terrestrial vertebrate diversity and conservation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110.28 (2013): E2602-E2610.

Mannion, Philip D., et al. "The latitudinal biodiversity gradient through deep time." Trends in ecology & evolution 29.1 (2014): 42-50.

Mittelbach, Gary G., et al. "Evolution and the latitudinal diversity gradient: speciation, extinction and biogeography." Ecology letters 10.4 (2007): 315-331.

Wiens, John J., et al. "Evolutionary and ecological causes of the latitudinal diversity gradient in hylid frogs: treefrog trees unearth the roots of high tropical diversity." The American Naturalist 168.5 (2006): 579-596.


----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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And where do they keep their suitcases?

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As winter approaches, V-shaped flocks glide overhead as the world's birds begin their long treks to warmer climates. Humans used to have some pretty crazy theories about where birds went for winter, like the moon, or to the bottom of the ocean.

How did we learn the real story? And where DO birds go for winter? What are the longest bird migrations? How do birds store up energy for their long journey? How do birds navigate? Why do they fly in a V-shape?

Find out in this week's video!

Charles Morton's theory of birds on the moon: http://wrd.cm/1xMKc5k
Read Charles Morton's original 1703 pamphlet! http://bit.ly/1C5AKhk
The story of the stork with a spear in its neck: http://bit.ly/11PgkIs
Aristotle's theory of bird transmutation: http://bit.ly/1uwQwHX
The "barnacle goose" http://bit.ly/1C5BiUg

The Arctic tern's record-breaking migration: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm....c/articles/PMC283666
The bar-tailed godwit's fat-fueled migration: https://sora.unm.edu/sites/def....ault/files/journals/
Ruby-throated hummingbird mighty migration: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm....c/articles/PMC132505

The avian aerodynamics of the "flying V" http://bit.ly/1vFFlUs
The many senses that birds use to find their way: http://bit.ly/11qN9vr
How birds use magnetic fields to navigate: http://bit.ly/1r2jYLy

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics
Dalton Allen - Post-production intern
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images by Shutterstock

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Now you "sea" them, now you don't! Cuttlefish are more than the chameleons of the sea, these cephalopods take camouflage to a whole new level.

Follow Joe during Big Blue Live!
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-----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D
Follow me on Twitter: @DrJoeHanson
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc
Kate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
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The eyes are often the first thing we see when we look at someone. And when you look at them up close, everyone’s eye color is a kaleidoscope of shapes and hues. How does eye color work? The answer involves some very cool physics, and probably isn’t what you were taught in school. And you’ve probably wondered how is eye color inherited, or why some people have blue eyes even if their parents’ eyes are brown? Get ready for a long look deep into the genetics and physics of eye color. #eyes #eyecolor #blueeyes

REFERENCES:

Genetics of human iris colour and patterns - Richard A. Sturm, Mats Larsson
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/full/10.1111/j

Iris Color Classification Scales
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC57292

GWAS Findings for Human Iris Patterns: Associations with Variants in Genes that Influence Normal Neuronal Pattern Development
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC31551

Characterization of melanin in human iridal and choroidal melanocytes from eyes with various colored irides.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18353148

Can blue eyed parents produce brown eyed children? - Richard A. Sturm
https://bioenv.gu.se/digitalAs....sets/1571/1571499_ey


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We’ve all gotten dizzy before… but have you ever gotten WEIRD DIZZY? I teamed up with Vanessa Hill from BrainCrat to answer the question “why do we get dizzy?” and in the process we learned about some very strange and hilarious ways to get extra-special dizzy! Get ready to learn about your vestibular system, the system that lets you know where your body is in space. You don’t even notice your vestibular system is there… until it stops working right! #dizzy #neuroscience #vestibular

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REFERENCES:

Blakley, B. W., & Siegel, M. (1995). Feeling dizzy: Understanding and treating dizziness, vertigo, and other balance disorders. New York: Macmillan.

Brandt, T. (2003). Vertigo: Its multisensory syndromes (2nd ed.). London: Springer.

Ekdale, E. G. (2016). Form and function of the mammalian inner ear. Journal of Anatomy, 228(2), 324-337.

Hayes, S. H., Dinga, D. Slavia, R. J., & Allman, B. (2013). Chapter 1 - Anatomy and physiology of the external, middle and inner ear. In Handbook of Clinical Neurophysiology (pp. 3-23).

Plishka, C. M. (2015). A clinician’s guide to balance and dizziness: Evaluation and treatment. Thorofare, New Jersey: SLACK Incorporated.

Steward O. (2000) The Vestibular System. In Functional Neuroscience. Springer, New York, NY.

Welgampola, M. S., Bradshaw, A., & Halmagyi, G. M. (2011). Practical neurology part 4: Dizziness on head movement. Medical Journal of Australia, 195 (9): 518-522. doi: 10.5694/mja11.11001

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Ocean currents are our planet’s circulatory system, and they keep everything from ecosystems to the climate healthy. But we’re changing Earth in ways that threaten to disrupt and even break critical ocean currents like the planet-wide Great Ocean Conveyor. This could have devastating effects on our future. In this video, we explain how ocean currents work, how climate change is threatening to disrupt them, and what we can do to stop that from happening.

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Eating turkey this holiday season? Chowing down on a roast chicken? You’re eating a dinosaur! Entertain your family and friends with a little science lesson this year, and show them why bird bones tell us that birds are actually living dinosaurs.

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References/Learn More:

Edwards, David P., et al. "A plant needs ants like a dog needs fleas: Myrmelachista schumanni ants gall many tree species to create housing." The American Naturalist 174.5 (2009): 734-740.

Frederickson, Megan E. "Conflict over Reproduction in an Ant‐Plant Symbiosis: Why Allomerus octoarticulatus Ants Sterilize Cordia nodosa Trees." The American Naturalist 173.5 (2009): 675-681.

Frederickson, Megan E., and Deborah M. Gordon. "The intertwined population biology of two Amazonian myrmecophytes and their symbiotic ants." Ecology 90.6 (2009): 1595-1607.

Haddad Junior, Vidal, Luiz Roberto Hernandes Bicudo, and Adílson Fransozo. "The Triplaria tree (Triplaris spp) and Pseudomyrmex ants: a symbiotic relationship with risks of attack for humans." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 42.6 (2009): 727-729

Heil, Martin, et al. "Partner manipulation stabilises a horizontally transmitted mutualism." Ecology letters 17.2 (2014): 185-192.

Hölldobler, Bert, and Edward O. Wilson. The ants. Harvard University Press, 1990.

Sanchez, Adriana, and Edwin Bellota. "Protection against herbivory in the mutualism between Pseudomyrmex dendroicus (Formicidae) and Triplaris americana (Polygonaceae)." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 46 (2015): 71.

Solano, Pascal-Jean, Monique Belin-Depoux, and Alain Dejean. "Formation and structure of food bodies in Cordia nodosa (Boraginaceae)." Comptes rendus biologies 328.7 (2005): 642-647.

Yu, Douglas W., and Naomi E. Pierce. "A castration parasite of an ant–plant mutualism." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 265.1394 (1998): 375-382.

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A solution to the cancer paradox? Cetacean needed!
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Why do whales, elephants, and other large animals not get cancer? Logically, the larger an animal is, and the longer it lives, the more likely it should be to get cancer. But these giants don’t. Why is that? And can the answer help humanity?

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