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Counting stars from the shore of the cosmic ocean…
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LIKE THE SHIRT I'M WEARING? It's glow in the dark! You can get it here (along with space undies and other good stuff): https://www.etsy.com/shop/makeitgoodpdx
How many stars are there in the universe? Are there more stars out there than grains of sand on Earth? Thanks to advanced space telescopes, we've been able to peer farther into deep time and the distant universe than we ever thought possible, and we might finally be able to answer these mind-boggling questions
Every star visible from Earth (naked eye): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Star_Catalogue
Number of stars in the universe (estimated): http://www.universetoday.com/1....02630/how-many-stars
Hubble gigapixel image of Andromeda: http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1502a/
Hubble eXtreme Deep Field: http://xdf.ucolick.org/
How big is the sky? http://www.badastronomy.com/bitesize/bigsky.html
How much sand is there on Earth? http://www.hawaii.edu/suremath/jsand.html
What would the cosmic sandbox look like? https://what-if.xkcd.com/83/
Carl Sagan's Cosmos: "The Shore of the Cosmic Ocean": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pa1ImgOcOPM
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!
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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
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For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios
Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern
Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod
Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock
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Last week's video:
What Color Is The Universe https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibVofIHq71s
More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8
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Joe went behind the scenes at Monterey Bay Aquarium to meet the Giant Pacific Octopus, a powerful and curious creature that challenges many of our notions of intelligence!
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The book:
“The Fly Trap” by Fredrik Sjöberg http://amzn.to/1TlWrkw
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Monkeys Spinning Monkeys Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
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All 12 days… in ONE video!
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I *highly* recommend these books:
“Undeniable” by Bill Nye http://amzn.to/1TK3wZs
“Why Evolution Is True” by Jerry Coyne http://amzn.to/1TK3zV3
WEBSITES/TEACHING RESOURCES:
- Berkeley’s “Understanding Evolution” http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php
- The National Center for Science Education http://ncse.com/
Don’t miss a single one of our 12 Days of Evolution! Follow along with this playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLsmqeqKj7M-
Darwin illustration credit: Nicku / Shutterstock
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc.
Kate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)
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References/Learn More:
How turkeys got so big: https://www.wired.com/2008/11/turkeytech/
Benjamin Franklin’s 1784 letter to Sarah Bache about turkeys: http://franklinpapers.org/franklin/framedVolumes.jsp?vol=41&page=281
Ames, Mercedes, and David M. Spooner. "DNA from herbarium specimens settles a controversy about origins of the European potato." American Journal of Botany 95.2 (2008): 252-257.
Doebley, John. "The genetics of maize evolution." Annu. Rev. Genet. 38 (2004): 37-59.
Grun, Paul. "The evolution of cultivated potatoes." Economic Botany 44.3 (1990): 39-55.
McWilliams, James. The Pecan: A history of America's native nut. University of Texas Press, 2013.
Nee, Michael. "The domestication of cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae)." Economic Botany 44.3 (1990): 56-68.
Polashock, James, et al. "The American cranberry: first insights into the whole genome of a species adapted to bog habitat." BMC plant biology 14.1 (2014): 1
Speller, Camilla F., et al. "Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American turkey domestication." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107.7 (2010): 2807-2812.
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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How the night sky tricks our brains!
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Here’s how you all described the color of the moon:
https://www.facebook.com/itsok....aytobesmart/photos/a
http://www.itsokaytobesmart.co....m/post/128880963932/
More about the white squares illusion: http://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/....~akitaoka/illgelbe.h
Checker shadow illusion: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Checker_shadow_illus
Special thanks to Dr. Alan Gilchrist!
Read his paper “Perceptual Organization in Lightness” http://www.gestaltrevision.be/....pdfs/oxford/Gilchris
Josef Albers “The Interaction of Color” https://www.brainpickings.org/....2013/08/16/interacti
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios
Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc.
Kate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Theme music: “Ouroboros” by Kevin MacLeod
Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)
PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
↓ More info and sources below ↓
Why are our bodies so symmetrical, but our guts aren't?
This is part 3 of 3 in my series about how our bodies evolved to look like they do. Check out the others:
Part 1 - Why your brain is in your head https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdNE4WygyAk
Part 2 - Consider the upside-down lobster https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYbJqYVtRyA
More info:
Left-Right asymmetry in embryonic development: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15582774
Development of the asymmetric human: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=331635&fileId=S1062798705000682
Role of cilia and fluid flow: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24091059
Situs inversus: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situs_inversus
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06..../04/science/growing-
Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Post Producer - Stephanie Noone
Editing/Motion Graphics - Arts+Labor, Austin, TX
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod
Stock images via Shutterstock
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios
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Honeycomb. Strawberries. Flower pods. Some people find these things incredibly scary. We call this extreme fear trypophobia. But why does it exist?
REFERENCES: http://bit.ly/2NvhWki
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Could humans ever evolve to have wings? Why don’t fish have propellers? Why don’t tigers have wheels? Why don’t zebras have laser turrets? These might all seem like stupid questions (and maybe they are!) but they can teach us a lot about how evolution actually works, and how it doesn’t work.
References: https://sites.google.com/view/....whatisimpossible-ref
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You can learn more about your personal DNA story by going to https://23andMe.com/okay
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓
Why do we love people we're related to? Compared to strangers, why do we feel such a deep sense of connection with our family members? Sure, they're nice to us, we take care of each other, and we often live with them, but there has to be a deeper biological reason. That reason, unsurprisingly is evolution. In this video, I explain why taking care of our family, or even dying for them, makes sense in the eyes of evolution.
SOURCES:
This video covers more than a half century of evolutionary biology theory and observation, but here's some reading if you'd like to learn more:
Dawkins, Richard. (1976) "The Selfish Gene" http://amzn.to/2Dhd257
Fisher, R. A. (1930). "The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection" http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/880368061
Haldane, J.B.S. (1932). "The Causes of Evolution." London: Longmans, Green & Co.
Hamilton, W. D. (1963). "The evolution of altruistic behavior." The American Naturalist, 97(896), 354-356.
Hamilton, W. D. (1964). "The genetical evolution of social behaviour I." Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7(1), 1-16.
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It's Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Stephanie Keep
Producer/editor/animator: Andrew Orsak
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox
Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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The Nobel Prizes reward the greatest accomplishments of the human race. Right? Then why haven't they changed much in 100+ years? Do they really represent how science is done? And why so few women?
References and more:
Molly Oldfield - The Secret Museum http://amzn.to/173lLpj
Georgia Lupi Nobel Prize infographic: http://www.brainpickings.org/i....ndex.php/2012/11/29/
Alfred Nobel's will: http://www.nobelprize.org/alfr....ed_nobel/will/will-f
Top 10 Nobel snubs: http://www.scientificamerican.....com/slideshow.cfm?id
Nobel Prize controversies (like Johannes Fibiger) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N....obel_Prize_controver
Women who have won science Nobels http://mentalfloss.com/article..../53186/14-women-whov
The Nobel ignores how modern science works: http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-....talk/aerospace/astro
Nobel prize and myth of the "lone genius" http://blogs.scientificamerica....n.com/the-curious-wa
Thomas Edison on success: http://www.brainpickings.org/i....ndex.php/2013/02/11/
Steve Jobs on creativity: http://www.wired.com/wired/arc....hive/4.02/jobs_pr.ht
Open letter to Nobel committee: http://www.newscientist.com/ar....ticle/dn17863-open-l
Thumbnail art via catwalker/Shutterstock
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“In Our Nature” is a NEW special limited series on It’s Okay To Be Smart!
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Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 2, we study the complex family relationships of elephants in Africa’s Serengeti plains and how their shared knowledge can help them survive. Then we travel to San Francisco to discover how the intricate songs of birds have changed in the face of our own culture. How common is culture in the animal kingdom? And what role does it play in the survival of species?
References: https://sites.google.com/view/....in-our-nature-episod
00:00 Intro
00:45 What is culture?
02:42 Do animals have culture?
03:33 Serengeti: Culture in African elephants
14:18 San Francisco: Culture in urban songbirds
23:34 Conclusion
In Our Nature is a special miniseries produced by It’s Okay To Be Smart for PBS. Stay tuned for more episodes coming this summer, here on our YouTube channel!
Original Production Funding provided by: Anne Ray Foundation, a Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropy
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“In Our Nature” is a NEW special limited series on It’s Okay To Be Smart!
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Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 3, we look at ecosystems at their largest and smallest scales of time and size from the Serengeti to Andrews Experimental Forestin Oregon. How does the cycling of nutrients and molecules make life possible on Earth? Who are these recyclers and scavengers? Sometimes this recycling happens fast and violently, and sometimes it happens slow and beautifully.
In Our Nature is a special miniseries produced by It’s Okay To Be Smart for PBS. Stay tuned for more episodes coming this summer, here on our YouTube channel!
Original Production Funding provided by: Anne Ray Foundation, a Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropy
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Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:
Burt Humburg
DeliciousKashmiri
Mario Orso
Brian Chang
Roy Lasris
Javier Soto
dani bowman
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Baerbel Winkler
Robert Young
Amy Sowada
Eric Meer
Dustin
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AlecZero
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I mean… how do you really know?
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If we lived light years from Earth, how would we know there’s life here? Let’s take a look at the search for extraterrestrial life on habitable exoplanets, and discover what biosignatures would show someone else that we’re here.
REFERENCES:
http://exoplanet.eu/
Kaltenegger, Lisa. “How to Characterize Habitable Worlds and Signs of Life.” Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 55, no. 1 (August 18, 2017): 433–85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annure....v-astro-082214-12223
Sagan, Carl. “Is There Life On Earth?” Engineering and Science 35, no. 4 (1972): 16–19.
Sagan, Carl, W. Reid Thompson, Robert Carlson, Donald Gurnett, and Charles Hord. “A Search for Life on Earth from the Galileo Spacecraft.” Nature 365 (October 21, 1993): 715.
Schwieterman, Edward W., Nancy Y. Kiang, Mary N. Parenteau, Chester E. Harman, Shiladitya DasSarma, Theresa M. Fisher, Giada N. Arney, et al. “Exoplanet Biosignatures: A Review of Remotely Detectable Signs of Life.” Astrobiology 18, no. 6 (June 2018): 663–708. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2017.1729.
Seager, Sara, and Drake Deming. “Exoplanet Atmospheres.” Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 48, no. 1 (August 2010): 631–72. https://doi.org/10.1146/annure....v-astro-081309-13083
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
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Editors/animators: Derek Borsheim and Sara Roma
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox
Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Check out Hot Mess: http://www.youtube.com/hotmesspbs
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A massive new study has just been released showing that human activities are threatening Earth’s other life forms in some very bad ways. One million species may be at risk of extinction. Just let that sink in. Isn’t the Anthropocene awesome? Check out the study below to learn more and find out how we can stop it. #anthropocene #extinction #nature
REFERENCES:
IPBES Biodiversity Global Assessment Report https://www.dropbox.com/sh/yd8....l2v0u4jqptp3/AAACtf6
Information on the IPBES Biodiversity Report https://www.ipbes.net/news/Med....ia-Release-Global-As
IPBES Summary for Policymakers: https://www.ipbes.net/sites/de....fault/files/download
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Nothing is guaranteed in life except death, taxes, and entropy. What do other life forms have to teach us about staying alive as we get old, and will we ever conquer death?
REFERENCES:
Arias, E. et al. (2013). United States life tables eliminating certain causes of death, 1999–2001. National Vital Statistics Reports 61(9)
De Cecco, M. et al. (2013). Transposable elements become active and mobile in the genomes of aging mammalian somatic tissues. Aging 5(12): 867–883. DOI: 10.18632/aging.100621
Hayflick, L. (2016). Unlike aging, longevity is sexually determined. In Handbook of theories of aging, 3rd ed. (pp. 31-52). New York, NY, Springer.
Hayflick, L. (UCSF School of Medicine). Interview.
Klapper, W. et al. (1998). Longevity of lobsters is linked to ubiquitous telomerase expression. FEBS Letters 439: 143-146
Martinez, D.E. (1998). Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in hydra. Experimental Gerontology 33(3): 217–225
Reilly, M.T. et al. (2013). The role of transposable elements in health and diseases of
the central nervous system. The Journal of Neuroscience 33(45): 17577–17586
Roth, A.W. and Polotsky, A.J. (2012). Can we live longer by eating less? A review of caloric restriction and longevity. Maturitas 71: 315–319
Sturm, A. et al. (2015). The mechanism of ageing: primary role of transposable elements in genome disintegration. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 72:1839–1847
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What is the loudest possible sound? What about the quietest thing we can hear? And what do decibels measure, anyway? In this video you'll learn what makes sound
The loudest sound on Earth (the we know of anyway), great story by Aatish Bhatia: http://nautil.us/blog/the-soun....d-so-loud-that-it-ci
Video of the Papua New Guinea volcano eruption from YouTuber bacobjee: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUREX8aFbMs
Calculation of the shock wave from teleportation: http://www.quora.com/Teleporta....tion/If-you-were-to-
The sometimes-painful effects of different sound pressure levels: http://www.makeitlouder.com/De....cibel%20Level%20Char
How loud are rocket launches? http://testtube.com/dnews/how-....loud-are-space-shutt
NASA's sound suppression water system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LehY5avJUM
Can a sound be loud enough to kill you? http://www.straightdope.com/co....lumns/read/2298/can-
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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D
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Window chip in the ISS: http://www.esa.int/spaceinimag....es/Images/2016/05/Im
The extent of space debris: http://www.esa.int/spaceinvide....os/Videos/2013/04/Sp
Where did all that debris come from? http://blogs.scientificamerica....n.com/guest-blog/whe
USSTRATCOM space surveillance fact sheet: https://www.stratcom.mil/facts....heets/11/Space_Contr
This is cool: http://stuffin.space/
Every satellite orbiting Earth, visualized: http://qz.com/296941/interacti....ve-graphic-every-act
8 weird pieces of space junk: http://www.wired.com/2009/02/spacestuff/
Project West Ford: http://www.wired.com/2013/08/project-west-ford/
STK animation courtesy of Analytical Graphics, Inc.
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Air. I bet you never even notice that it’s there. Yet you are swimming in an ocean of it every day. If there’s a literal ton of air pressing down on you all the time, so why don’t we feel it? We look back at the history of physics to learn how we figured out air pressure, why vacuums don’t suck, and how people like Galileo, Torricelli, and Otto von Guericke changed science forever with a few simple experiments. #AirPressure #Physics #Atmosphere
DISCLAIMER: Do not perform the trash bag experiment without adult supervision. Always have a helper nearby so you don’t get trapped in the bag. And never ever put your head inside a trash bag, ever. Here’s how to try it yourself: https://exploratorium.edu/snacks/feeling-pressured
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REFERENCES:
Walker, Gabrielle. An Ocean of Air: Why the Wind Blows and Other Mysteries of the Atmosphere. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008.
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Here we are, just a year after the first news of the coronavirus we now call SARS-CoV-2 and the global pandemic known as COVID-19… and scientists have already developed more than one safe & effective vaccine. How did they do that so quickly? I visited the lab whose work directly led to these first COVID vaccines, so you can learn how basic research connects to life-saving medicine. This is how to make a COVID-19 vaccine.
Coronavirus animation courtesy of: Janet Iwasa, University of Utah, with funding from the NSF, the Coronavirus Structural Task Force and the German Federal Ministery of Research
References:
Wrapp, D. et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science 367, 1260–1263 (2020) doi: 10.1126/science.abb2507
Watanabe, Y., Allen, J. D., Wrapp, D., McLellan, J. S. & Crispin, M. Site-specific glycan analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike. Science eabb9983 (2020) doi:10.1126/science.abb9983.
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