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I *highly* recommend these books:

“Undeniable” by Bill Nye http://amzn.to/1TK3wZs
“Why Evolution Is True” by Jerry Coyne http://amzn.to/1TK3zV3

WEBSITES/TEACHING RESOURCES:

- Berkeley’s “Understanding Evolution” http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php
- The National Center for Science Education http://ncse.com/

Don’t miss a single one of our 12 Days of Evolution! Follow along with this playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLsmqeqKj7M-

Darwin illustration credit: Nicku / Shutterstock

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc.
Kate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
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Music via APM
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References/Learn More:

How turkeys got so big: https://www.wired.com/2008/11/turkeytech/

Benjamin Franklin’s 1784 letter to Sarah Bache about turkeys: http://franklinpapers.org/franklin/framedVolumes.jsp?vol=41&page=281

Ames, Mercedes, and David M. Spooner. "DNA from herbarium specimens settles a controversy about origins of the European potato." American Journal of Botany 95.2 (2008): 252-257.

Doebley, John. "The genetics of maize evolution." Annu. Rev. Genet. 38 (2004): 37-59.

Grun, Paul. "The evolution of cultivated potatoes." Economic Botany 44.3 (1990): 39-55.

McWilliams, James. The Pecan: A history of America's native nut. University of Texas Press, 2013.

Nee, Michael. "The domestication of cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae)." Economic Botany 44.3 (1990): 56-68.

Polashock, James, et al. "The American cranberry: first insights into the whole genome of a species adapted to bog habitat." BMC plant biology 14.1 (2014): 1

Speller, Camilla F., et al. "Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American turkey domestication." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107.7 (2010): 2807-2812.

----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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How the night sky tricks our brains!
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http://www.itsokaytobesmart.co....m/post/128880963932/

More about the white squares illusion: http://www.psy.ritsumei.ac.jp/....~akitaoka/illgelbe.h

Checker shadow illusion: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Checker_shadow_illus

Special thanks to Dr. Alan Gilchrist!
Read his paper “Perceptual Organization in Lightness” http://www.gestaltrevision.be/....pdfs/oxford/Gilchris

Josef Albers “The Interaction of Color” https://www.brainpickings.org/....2013/08/16/interacti

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc.
Kate Eads - Producer
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Katie Graham - Camera
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Honeycomb. Strawberries. Flower pods. Some people find these things incredibly scary. We call this extreme fear trypophobia. But why does it exist?

REFERENCES: http://bit.ly/2NvhWki

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Could humans ever evolve to have wings? Why don’t fish have propellers? Why don’t tigers have wheels? Why don’t zebras have laser turrets? These might all seem like stupid questions (and maybe they are!) but they can teach us a lot about how evolution actually works, and how it doesn’t work.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....whatisimpossible-ref

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The Nobel Prizes reward the greatest accomplishments of the human race. Right? Then why haven't they changed much in 100+ years? Do they really represent how science is done? And why so few women?

References and more:

Molly Oldfield - The Secret Museum http://amzn.to/173lLpj

Georgia Lupi Nobel Prize infographic: http://www.brainpickings.org/i....ndex.php/2012/11/29/

Alfred Nobel's will: http://www.nobelprize.org/alfr....ed_nobel/will/will-f

Top 10 Nobel snubs: http://www.scientificamerican.....com/slideshow.cfm?id

Nobel Prize controversies (like Johannes Fibiger) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N....obel_Prize_controver

Women who have won science Nobels http://mentalfloss.com/article..../53186/14-women-whov

The Nobel ignores how modern science works: http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-....talk/aerospace/astro

Nobel prize and myth of the "lone genius" http://blogs.scientificamerica....n.com/the-curious-wa

Thomas Edison on success: http://www.brainpickings.org/i....ndex.php/2013/02/11/

Steve Jobs on creativity: http://www.wired.com/wired/arc....hive/4.02/jobs_pr.ht

Open letter to Nobel committee: http://www.newscientist.com/ar....ticle/dn17863-open-l

Thumbnail art via catwalker/Shutterstock

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“In Our Nature” is a NEW special limited series on It’s Okay To Be Smart!
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Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 2, we study the complex family relationships of elephants in Africa’s Serengeti plains and how their shared knowledge can help them survive. Then we travel to San Francisco to discover how the intricate songs of birds have changed in the face of our own culture. How common is culture in the animal kingdom? And what role does it play in the survival of species?

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....in-our-nature-episod

00:00 Intro
00:45 What is culture?
02:42 Do animals have culture?
03:33 Serengeti: Culture in African elephants
14:18 San Francisco: Culture in urban songbirds
23:34 Conclusion

In Our Nature is a special miniseries produced by It’s Okay To Be Smart for PBS. Stay tuned for more episodes coming this summer, here on our YouTube channel!

Original Production Funding provided by: Anne Ray Foundation, a Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropy

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DeliciousKashmiri
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“In Our Nature” is a NEW special limited series on It’s Okay To Be Smart!
We’re on PATREON! Join the community ►► https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
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Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 3, we look at ecosystems at their largest and smallest scales of time and size from the Serengeti to Andrews Experimental Forestin Oregon. How does the cycling of nutrients and molecules make life possible on Earth? Who are these recyclers and scavengers? Sometimes this recycling happens fast and violently, and sometimes it happens slow and beautifully.

In Our Nature is a special miniseries produced by It’s Okay To Be Smart for PBS. Stay tuned for more episodes coming this summer, here on our YouTube channel!

Original Production Funding provided by: Anne Ray Foundation, a Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropy

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Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:

Burt Humburg
DeliciousKashmiri
Mario Orso
Brian Chang
Roy Lasris
Javier Soto
dani bowman
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I mean… how do you really know?
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If we lived light years from Earth, how would we know there’s life here? Let’s take a look at the search for extraterrestrial life on habitable exoplanets, and discover what biosignatures would show someone else that we’re here.

REFERENCES:
http://exoplanet.eu/

Kaltenegger, Lisa. “How to Characterize Habitable Worlds and Signs of Life.” Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 55, no. 1 (August 18, 2017): 433–85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annure....v-astro-082214-12223

Sagan, Carl. “Is There Life On Earth?” Engineering and Science 35, no. 4 (1972): 16–19.

Sagan, Carl, W. Reid Thompson, Robert Carlson, Donald Gurnett, and Charles Hord. “A Search for Life on Earth from the Galileo Spacecraft.” Nature 365 (October 21, 1993): 715.

Schwieterman, Edward W., Nancy Y. Kiang, Mary N. Parenteau, Chester E. Harman, Shiladitya DasSarma, Theresa M. Fisher, Giada N. Arney, et al. “Exoplanet Biosignatures: A Review of Remotely Detectable Signs of Life.” Astrobiology 18, no. 6 (June 2018): 663–708. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2017.1729.

Seager, Sara, and Drake Deming. “Exoplanet Atmospheres.” Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 48, no. 1 (August 2010): 631–72. https://doi.org/10.1146/annure....v-astro-081309-13083

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-----------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editors/animators: Derek Borsheim and Sara Roma
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
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A massive new study has just been released showing that human activities are threatening Earth’s other life forms in some very bad ways. One million species may be at risk of extinction. Just let that sink in. Isn’t the Anthropocene awesome? Check out the study below to learn more and find out how we can stop it. #anthropocene #extinction #nature

REFERENCES:

IPBES Biodiversity Global Assessment Report https://www.dropbox.com/sh/yd8....l2v0u4jqptp3/AAACtf6

Information on the IPBES Biodiversity Report https://www.ipbes.net/news/Med....ia-Release-Global-As

IPBES Summary for Policymakers: https://www.ipbes.net/sites/de....fault/files/download

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Nothing is guaranteed in life except death, taxes, and entropy. What do other life forms have to teach us about staying alive as we get old, and will we ever conquer death?

REFERENCES:

Arias, E. et al. (2013). United States life tables eliminating certain causes of death, 1999–2001. National Vital Statistics Reports 61(9)

De Cecco, M. et al. (2013). Transposable elements become active and mobile in the genomes of aging mammalian somatic tissues. Aging 5(12): 867–883. DOI: 10.18632/aging.100621

Hayflick, L. (2016). Unlike aging, longevity is sexually determined. In Handbook of theories of aging, 3rd ed. (pp. 31-52). New York, NY, Springer.

Hayflick, L. (UCSF School of Medicine). Interview.

Klapper, W. et al. (1998). Longevity of lobsters is linked to ubiquitous telomerase expression. FEBS Letters 439: 143-146

Martinez, D.E. (1998). Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in hydra. Experimental Gerontology 33(3): 217–225

Reilly, M.T. et al. (2013). The role of transposable elements in health and diseases of
the central nervous system. The Journal of Neuroscience 33(45): 17577–17586

Roth, A.W. and Polotsky, A.J. (2012). Can we live longer by eating less? A review of caloric restriction and longevity. Maturitas 71: 315–319

Sturm, A. et al. (2015). The mechanism of ageing: primary role of transposable elements in genome disintegration. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 72:1839–1847

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It's definitely higher than "11"
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What is the loudest possible sound? What about the quietest thing we can hear? And what do decibels measure, anyway? In this video you'll learn what makes sound

The loudest sound on Earth (the we know of anyway), great story by Aatish Bhatia: http://nautil.us/blog/the-soun....d-so-loud-that-it-ci

Video of the Papua New Guinea volcano eruption from YouTuber bacobjee: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUREX8aFbMs

Calculation of the shock wave from teleportation: http://www.quora.com/Teleporta....tion/If-you-were-to-

The sometimes-painful effects of different sound pressure levels: http://www.makeitlouder.com/De....cibel%20Level%20Char

How loud are rocket launches? http://testtube.com/dnews/how-....loud-are-space-shutt

NASA's sound suppression water system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LehY5avJUM

Can a sound be loud enough to kill you? http://www.straightdope.com/co....lumns/read/2298/can-

-----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D
Follow me on Twitter/Instagram: @DrJoeHanson @okaytobesmart
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Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
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Theme music:
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Window chip in the ISS: http://www.esa.int/spaceinimag....es/Images/2016/05/Im
The extent of space debris: http://www.esa.int/spaceinvide....os/Videos/2013/04/Sp
Where did all that debris come from? http://blogs.scientificamerica....n.com/guest-blog/whe
USSTRATCOM space surveillance fact sheet: https://www.stratcom.mil/facts....heets/11/Space_Contr
This is cool: http://stuffin.space/
Every satellite orbiting Earth, visualized: http://qz.com/296941/interacti....ve-graphic-every-act
8 weird pieces of space junk: http://www.wired.com/2009/02/spacestuff/
Project West Ford: http://www.wired.com/2013/08/project-west-ford/

STK animation courtesy of Analytical Graphics, Inc.

Get yourself an awesome IOTBS shirt! http://dftba.com/besmart
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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The finest burritos in the world are made in San Francisco’s Mission District. But how can you get a hot & fresh one in New York City in time for lunch? Physics, that’s how. For this very serious and scientific video, we dug a classic documentary out of the vault that tells the story of the transcontinental burrito tunnel, and its successor, the transcontinental burrito hypertunnel. They are both true marvels of physics. Oh, and they aren’t real… but the science is.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....burrito-tunnel-refer

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Air. I bet you never even notice that it’s there. Yet you are swimming in an ocean of it every day. If there’s a literal ton of air pressing down on you all the time, so why don’t we feel it? We look back at the history of physics to learn how we figured out air pressure, why vacuums don’t suck, and how people like Galileo, Torricelli, and Otto von Guericke changed science forever with a few simple experiments. #AirPressure #Physics #Atmosphere

DISCLAIMER: Do not perform the trash bag experiment without adult supervision. Always have a helper nearby so you don’t get trapped in the bag. And never ever put your head inside a trash bag, ever. Here’s how to try it yourself: https://exploratorium.edu/snacks/feeling-pressured

-----------
REFERENCES:
Walker, Gabrielle. An Ocean of Air: Why the Wind Blows and Other Mysteries of the Atmosphere. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008.

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Here we are, just a year after the first news of the coronavirus we now call SARS-CoV-2 and the global pandemic known as COVID-19… and scientists have already developed more than one safe & effective vaccine. How did they do that so quickly? I visited the lab whose work directly led to these first COVID vaccines, so you can learn how basic research connects to life-saving medicine. This is how to make a COVID-19 vaccine.

Coronavirus animation courtesy of: Janet Iwasa, University of Utah, with funding from the NSF, the Coronavirus Structural Task Force and the German Federal Ministery of Research

References:
Wrapp, D. et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science 367, 1260–1263 (2020) doi: 10.1126/science.abb2507

Watanabe, Y., Allen, J. D., Wrapp, D., McLellan, J. S. & Crispin, M. Site-specific glycan analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike. Science eabb9983 (2020) doi:10.1126/science.abb9983.

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...and other Christmas mysteries answered with science!
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Happy Holidays! Ever wonder how Santa could possibly manage to deliver all those presents in a single night? Or what gives red-nosed reindeer the ability to fly? And why do your Christmas lights get tangled in knots no matter how carefully you put the away?!

Here's some Christmas-themed science, as our gift to you. See you in 2015!

SOURCES:
Why Christmas lights tangle: "Spontaneous knotting of an agitated string" http://www.pnas.org/content/104/42/16432

Apollo 8 "Santa sighting" https://archive.org/details/Apollo8Highlights

Santa's reindeer are probably female: http://www.livescience.com/321....49-are-santas-reinde

Reindeer hair is hollow and "buoyant" http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6150798

Reindeer really do have red noses: http://www.bmj.com/content/345..../bmj.e8311.full.pdf+

Reindeer eyes change color: http://phenomena.nationalgeogr....aphic.com/2013/10/29

Santa's challenge (check my math!): http://bit.ly/1sOW15q

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
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In a world of distractions, how do we pay attention?

It seems like every week someone tells us how the internet and the digital age are overloading our brains. Sure, sometimes it feels like we're being fed more information than we can handle, that we're paying attention to the wrong things. Are we giving our brain a fair shot?

I explore some science that show how paying attention can be a bad thing, and then some science about how paying attention can be a very helpful thing
Special cameos by Hank Green and Mike Rugnetta!

Further reading:

The original Simons and Chabris experiment: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJG698U2Mvo

The cocktail party effect: http://www.npr.org/blogs/healt....h/2013/03/07/1736136

The illusion of attention: http://www.guardian.co.uk/scie....nce/neurophilosophy/

How is the internet changing our brains? (Harold Rheingold and more) http://www.edge.org/q2010/q10_index.html#responses

Sherry Turkle - Alone Together http://www.ted.com/talks/sherr....y_turkle_alone_toget

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)

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Is overpopulation real? Is Earth filling up with too many humans? How many people can Earth hold, anyway? As our species approaches 8 billion, human overpopulation is a major concern for many people. How can we reduce poverty and our impact on the environment? Do we need a forced one-child policy or something? Maybe not, because when we look at the science and history, populations seem to control themselves. This week we look at all these questions and more.

READ MORE:

https://ourworldindata.org

https://www.sciencemag.org/sit....e/special/population

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/346/6206/234

https://www.scientificamerican.....com/article/are-mal

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Creative Director: David Schulte
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I’m vaccinated. I’m boosted. And I still got infected with the omicron variant of COVID-19. Here’s what I learned, and what it means for the possible end of this pandemic.

References and sources:
https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-omicron-cov

0:00 Intro
1:16 What is Omicron?
2:23 Is Omicron more contagious?
4:31 What's different about Omicron?
5:42 Is Omicron less severe?
8:07 Are the vaccines ineffective?
9:55 What no one's saying about vaccines
11:34 Injection + Infection: Is "hybrid immunity" better?
13:46 Will Omicron end the pandemic?
15:41 Final thoughts

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