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We all know Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, right? Natural selection? But what about his lesser-know theory of evolution: sexual selection. Let’s talk about how animals like peacocks, whose eye-catching physical traits make them evolutionarily stronger even though their flashy looks make them more vulnerable to predators. Hint: it’s all about the chemistry.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....sexual-selection-sou

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In the race to survive, both predators and prey use visual tricks to get ahead. One nearly universal trick is countershading, a color pattern that helps animals erase their own shadows or blend into different backgrounds. It’s worked well enough that nature has produced this pattern over and over again, all over Earth, for at least tens of millions of years.

0:00 Why does every animal look like this?
0:52 A painter's big idea
1:49 Disappearing shadows
2:22 Testing the idea
3:48 Countershading everywhere!
6:10 What about water?
7:22 Making light to hide shadows
8:19 Outro

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....countershading-refer

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The sticky physics that let geckos do what they do!
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Geckos can grip and climb almost anything. Walking up walls, hanging upside down… even from glass. It’s almost like they can defy gravity. How do they do it? The secret lies in nanotechnology. I’ll tell you how that works and how scientists are using this incredible gripping ability to inspire next-generation adhesives. Here's the secret behind a gecko's gravity defying grip.

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If you were taking an engineering class in school and you turned in the human body for your final exam… you would get like, a C+. Or maybe a B- at best. That’s because the human body is full of design flaws. Except they aren’t really design flaws, because the human body wasn’t designed. It was evolved, and it is still evolving. And that means some of our parts don’t work as well as they could, they just work well enough. Here’s a rundown of a few of the human body’s biggest evolutionary fails!

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Seedless fruits are delicious, convenient… and completely unnatural. In this video, we explore the science, history, and hidden risks behind seedless bananas, watermelons, and grapes — and why they literally can’t survive without us.

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Check out @crashcourse Botany! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2th5lAd-77A
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Does any other creature on Earth undergo a life transformation as dramatic as the butterfly? I think not. Unfortunately, children's books about very hungry caterpillars skip all the COOL and WEIRD and GROSS stuff that happens along the way. It's time to dig into all the mind-blowing biology behind metamorphosis!

Filmed on location at the California Academy of Sciences

0:00 We were lied to as kids
1:48 Metamorphosis is more common than you think
3:36 It starts with an egg
4:46 Eat/Poop/Grow
6:05 Busting the biggest butterfly myth of all
7:23 Time to take your skin off
8:40 Inside the "sack of magic"
11:08 Metamorphosis,… metamorphosis everywhere
11:55 Why do butterflies do this?
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Another YouTube #shorts from Dr. Joe! Subscribe for more fun science stories.

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Everyone lies. Even you and even me. We lie about small things and we lie about big things. We lie to help ourselves and we lie to protect others. Powerful people lie, all the way down to little kids telling fibs. Why do we do this if we’re supposed to be the most socially developed species on Earth? Why can’t we tell the truth? Are we doomed to lie? Well, maybe. Here’s why.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....whydowelie-reference

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The oldest rocks on Earth are more than just ancient—they’re time machines, holding clues to Earth’s missing history and revealing what happened in the unknown times after the Big Bang. We’ll work with our Adam and Joss from Howtown to learn more and visit our friends at The Smithsonian to examine some of these beyond-ancient rocks ourselves.

Thank you to geochronologists Mike Ackerson and Jesse Reimink for helpful background discussions

Thank you to @Howtown Go check out our collab over on their channel!

0:00 Holding the oldest rocks ever
0:56 The geologic calendar
3:06 Zircon - the Time Lord
4:58 The Oldest Thing on Earth
5:54 Where to find very very very old rocks
9:03 Gneiss guys finish first
10:50 How do we know how old these rocks are?
13:50 A new picture of the early Earth
16:30 Follow me to Howtown!

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Movies. Video games. YouTube videos. All of them work because we accidentally figured out a way to fool your brain’s visual processing system, and you don’t even know it’s happening. In this video, I talk to neuroscientist David Eagleman about the secret illusions that make the moving picture possible.

Thank you to The Slow-Mo Guys for sharing some incredible footage with us. Here are the full videos:
https://youtu.be/3BJU2drrtCM
https://youtu.be/omuRkUFnnv4
https://youtu.be/eJVpYL44jUQ

References and sources:
https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-illusion-of

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We're cookin' in the primordial kitchen!
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If the human body could be distilled down into one molecule, what would our chemical formula be? And WHY is it that way? Is that one scene from Full Metal Alchemist even a little bit true?

There's a whole lot of elements on the periodic table, but life depends on relatively few of them in order to build all the things that keep us alive. This week, we'll look at why the chemistry of life is the way it is…

Special thanks to my miniature co-star Jimmy and his mom Kelly Malek!

Full Metal Alchemist ingredients for human body: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2Oiy3Z2m0c

All the elements in the human body: http://web2.airmail.net/uthman..../elements_of_body.ht

Could non-carbon-based life forms exist? http://www.reddit.com/r/asksci....ence/comments/2v5vij

The chemistry of life: http://www.livescience.com/350....5-chemistry-life-hum

The elemental difference between life and the ocean: http://www.mso.anu.edu.au/~cha....rley/papers/ChopraLi

We're born wet, and then we dry out: http://www.npr.org/blogs/krulw....ich/2013/11/25/24721
http://water.usgs.gov/edu/propertyyou.html

Market price of elements: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P....rices_of_elements_an


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!
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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
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For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks

-----------------

Last week's video:
%$?# Allergies! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqrnShjM4II

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

Sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, OH MY!

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As massive magnetic fusion reactors go, the sun is pretty awesome.

How a CME forms: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsXqNNQsS7I

More on solar storms from Bad Astronomy:
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad...._astronomy/2013/02/0
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad...._astronomy/2013/02/2

Anatomy of solar storms: http://www.space.com/12047-sol....ar-flares-sun-storms

All the sun science you've ever wanted:
http://solarcellcentral.com/sun_page.html

Footage via NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, ESA/Hubble, and Pond5

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews

Music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Artwork/photos via Shutterstock

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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Would it surprise you to learn that fish and birds count in pretty much the same way that we do? And that infants can do math? Our animal brains deal with quantities in very specific ways, from quick counts of a few dots to how we perceive larger numbers. This "number sense" impacts our psychology, history, and behavior in the most fascinating ways.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-brain-on-nu

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Is the equinox really when day = night?
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Calculate day length where you live for any date: http://www.timeanddate.com/sun/

Very cool solar angle simulator: http://astro.unl.edu/classacti....on/animations/coords

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.

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This is a video about nothing. Hope you learn something!

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A human with the metabolism of a hummingbird would need to eat about 80,000 calories a day to survive. That’s because staying warm by making your own heat takes a ton of energy. And that brings up a paradox, because creating your own body heat is incredibly expensive. The largest animals on Earth have to spend most of their day just eating enough to keep their heat engines running. So why aren’t we cold-blooded… like crocodiles? Here’s the science

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....warm-blooded-referen

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This is one of the weirdest mysteries of human evolution: Why do we have grandmas? From menopause to our slow maturation and super-long lifespans, humans are quite unique in the animal kingdom. Could grandma be an evolutionary secret weapon? Or is she just a surprise side effect of living long lives?

Thank you to @MamaDoctorJones Go check out her channel!

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....mystery-menopause-re

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Chapters:
0:00 Intro: Humans are weird
0:45 Nature's strangest life cycles
2:25 The whole point of evolution
4:48 The mystery of grandmas (it's menopause)
6:02 Mama Doctor Jones explains the female reproductive system
8:55 Why do humans live so long after reproductive age?
10:46 The Grandmother Hypothesis
12:50 There's just one catch… and a NEW theory!
15:12 Putting it all together
17:00 A word from our sponsor


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An ode to curiosity... with LEGO!

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My tribute to Curiosity, both the NASA rover and the human desire to discover, featuring words from some of science's greatest minds and LEGO's special edition Mars rover set
SOURCES:

Carl Sagan:
"Cosmos: A Personal Voyage - The Lives of the Stars" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7L6SZPxgNg
"Cosmos: A Personal Voyage - The Backbone of the Night"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeaPIy6eS_g
"Cosmos: A Personal Voyage - The Shores of the Cosmic Ocean" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCxc5w-SfpA

Neil deGrasse Tyson:
"Science is in our DNA" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVrVdtSFK7c
"Cosmos: A SPacetime Odyssey Q&A" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfUuj0YLmMg

Bill Nye:
"The Good Stuff - Bill Nye and the Origin of Everything" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMKTiPUl8E4
"Why We Explore" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVZmL5UARcs
"Bill Nye Debates Ken Ham" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6kgvhG3AkI

Hank Green:
"Curiosity is the Finest Human Quality" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kQ1Po7vzUk

Jane Goodall:
"Sowing the Seeds of Hope" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vibssrQKm60

Richard Feynman:
"Take the World From a Different Point of View" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgJPjG4KJYQ

James Cameron:
"Before Avatar - A Curious Boy (TED2010)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVfd6fg7QsM

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director/Editor
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc
Kate Eads - Associate Producer

Music:
"Evolver" by Jesper Kyd (APM Music Library)

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Overview is back on @pbsterra! Watch now : https://youtu.be/NYA6GF1uAa8
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Why do the same, self-repeating patterns appear in trees, rivers, lightning, and even inside our own bodies? Is there some secret, hidden rule of nature or mathematics that makes these intricate designs appear all over the place? Let’s talk about fractals.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....besmart-fractalsinna

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It took about a century for black holes to go from impossible, to theoretical, to real. And it was just this year, in 2019, when we finally saw the first picture of a black hole! But how to you take a photo of something so massively dense that not even light can escape its gravitational pull? You use a telescope the size of the Earth!

This video is a bit different from most It's Okay To Be Smart videos. It's part of a new PBS miniseries called STELLAR, done in collaboration with Matt O’Dowd from PBS Space Time and Dianna Cowern from Physics Girl. Over six episodes we travel to telescopes, go inside space research centers, and chat with amazing scientists to bring you the most exciting stories about space. Next up is Matt's episode where he tells you how we discovered galaxies outside of our own. And if you missed it, check out:

**Matt O’Dowd exploring the oldest quasar ever seen at the Gemini Telescope: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqCPnXHKO5c

**Physics Girl visits LIGO to learn about gravitational waves: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtp71NT0GNg

You'll be able to see future episodes on the Physics Girl, Space Time and It’s Okay to be Smart YouTube channels, as well as the PBS Digital Studios Facebook page.

Stellar is a part of the PBS Summer of Space. They'll be lots of awesome space related content all summer long on PBS. See what's happening at https://www.pbs.org/summer-of-space/

#SummerOfSpacePBS #astrophysics #space

Hosted by Joe Hanson
Written by: Sophia Chen, Joe Hanson, Andrew Kornhaber, Eric Brown
Directed by: Eric Brown and Andrew Kornhaber
Producer: Randa Eid
Director of Photography: Eric Brouse
Sound: Tobi Nova
Production Assistant: Anna Bosketti
Editing: Pavel Ezrohi
Graphics: Murilo Lopes
Assistant Editing: Daniel Sircar
Produced By: Kornhaber Brown