Top videos
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
Did someone say BRAAAAAINS…?
Subscribe: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub Twitter: @okaytobesmart
↓ More info and sources below ↓
Shows like The Walking Dead are full of hungry, mindless, surprisingly fleet-footed armies of brain-eating zombies. Could they actually exist? Are zombies real? Well, maybe if you're talking about zom-bees! This week I introduce you to some of nature's strangest mind-controlling parasites, who make zombies of the natural world. This one will make your brain tingle. That's just the awesome science, though… not a parasite. Promise!
Watch the full video clips used in this episode:
KQED zom-bees https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdZ3M8C6yhs
BBC cordyceps https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuKjBIBBAL8
Jewel wasp: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vl_9kghmChw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWAV1zj5TXQ
Cricket horsehair worm: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Df_iGe_JSzI
Red berry ants: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4Rj89-wuDo
NatGeo zombie snails: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Go_LIz7kTok
LEARN MORE:
Ed Yong's TED talk: http://www.ted.com/talks/ed_yo....ng_suicidal_wasps_zo
Biochemistry of parasitic zombies: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/parasites-use-sophisticated-biochemistry-to-take-over-their-hosts.html?_r=1&
An entire issue of the Journal of Experimental Biology dedicated to parasitic control of hosts: http://jeb.biologists.org/content/216/1.toc
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: http://instagram.com/jtotheizzoe
-----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Google+ https://plus.google.com/+itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios
Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern
Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod
Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock
-----------------
Last week's video: Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
More videos:
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8
Why Did We Blow on NES Games? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Gf9mtXnJfM
The Science of Game of Thrones - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Utu-LpJn3Is
There Was No First Human - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdWLhXi24Mo
Take the PBS Digital Studios audience survey: https://to.pbs.org/2021survey
We’re on PATREON! Join the community https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓
It would be a lot easier to study the science of dreaming if we weren’t asleep every time we did it. Why do we dream? What does dreaming do for our brains? How did dreaming evolve? Here’s a look at the current theories from psychology and neuroscience.
References:
Barrett, D. (2017), Dreams and creative problem-solving. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1406: 64-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13412
Carlo Cipolli, Roberto Bolzani, Cesare Comoldi, Rossana De Beni, Iino Fagioli, Bizarreness Effect in Dream Recall, Sleep, Volume 16, Issue 2, March 1993, Pages 163–170, https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/16.2.163
Eagleman DM, Vaughn DA (2021). The Defensive Activation Theory: REM Sleep as a Mechanism to Prevent Takeover of the Visual Cortex. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 15:632853. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.632853
El-Solh, A. A. (2018). Management of nightmares in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: Current perspectives. Nature and Science of Sleep, 10, 409–420.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30538593/
Hughes, J. Donald. (2000). Dream Interpretation in Ancient Civilizations. Dreaming. 10. 7-18. 10.1023/A:1009447606158.
Káli, S., Dayan, P. Off-line replay maintains declarative memories in a model of hippocampal-neocortical interactions. Nature Neuroscience 7, 286–294 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1202
Montangero, Jacques & Ivanyi, Corinne & Saint-Hilaire, Zara. (2003). Completeness and accuracy of morning reports after a recall cue: Comparison of dream and film reports. Consciousness and cognition. 12. 49-62. 10.1016/S1053-8100(02)00029-6.
Stickgold, R., Malia, A.; Maguire, D., Roddenberry, D., O'Connor, M. (2000). Replaying the Game: Hypnagogic Images in Normals and Amnesics. Science. 290 (5490): 350–353. doi:10.1126/science.290.5490.350.
Valli, K., Revonsuo, A., Pälkäs, O., Ismail, K. H., Ali, K. J., & Punamäki, R.-L. (2005). The threat simulation theory of the evolutionary function of dreaming: Evidence from dreams of traumatized children. Consciousness and Cognition, 14(1), 188–218. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15766897/
van der Linden, S. The Science Behind Dreaming. Scientific American. July 26, 2011
Erin J. Wamsley, PhD, Karen Perry, MD, Ina Djonlagic, MD, Laura Babkes Reaven, MD, Robert Stickgold, PhD, Cognitive Replay of Visuomotor Learning at Sleep Onset: Temporal Dynamics and Relationship to Task Performance, Sleep, Volume 33, Issue 1, January 2010, Pages 59–68, https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/33.1.59
-----------
Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:
Barbora Bei
Ken Board
T Clinger
Attila Pix
Burt Humburg
DeliciousKashmiri
Brian Chang
Roy Lasris
dani bowman
David Johnston
Salih Arslan
Baerbel Winkler
Robert Young
Amy Sowada
Eric Meer
Dustin
Karen Haskell
AlecZero
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart
Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart
Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be
Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/
Follow me to @pbsorigins! https://www.youtube.com/c/pbsorigins
We’re on PATREON! Join the community https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓
We’re living longer. Dying less. Human life expectancy has doubled in just a couple centuries. Machines and meals and medicines keeping us alive long past the age where we can make babies. Does this mean our species is no longer under the influence of natural selection? Have humans stopped evolving?
-----------
Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:
Ali Freiburger
Mehdi Damou
Barbora Bei
Ken Board
Clinger-Hamilton Family
Attila Pix
Burt Humburg
DeliciousKashmiri
Roy Lasris
dani bowman
David Johnston
Salih Arslan
Baerbel Winkler
Robert Young
Amy Sowada
Eric Meer
Dustin
Karen Haskell
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart
Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart
Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be
Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
What holds the moon up? Moonbeams!
Don’t miss our next video! SUBSCRIBE! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓ More info and sources below ↓
According to Newton's law of gravitation, the sun should "pull" way harder on the moon than the Earth does. So does the moon actually orbit the Earth? Why?
Special thanks to Ariel for submitting this awesome question to our Facebook page!
Hill Spheres and lunar orbit: http://blogs.discovermagazine.....com/badastronomy/200
True shape of moon's orbit: http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/asl....aksen/teaching/conve
Newton's law of gravitation vs. Hill Sphere: https://van.physics.illinois.e....du/qa/listing.php?id
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_sphere
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: http://instagram.com/jtotheizzoe
-----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Google+ https://plus.google.com/+itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios
Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Stephen Bohls - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod
Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks
French subtitles by Alessandro Dal Cero
-----------------
Last week's video:
What's The Loudest Possible Sound? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wi_aawsChqA
More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8
Take the 2023 PBS Audience Survey: https://to.pbs.org/pbssurvey2023a1
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓
There are some startlingly black animals out there, whether they’re in the deep ocean or in the darkest corners of the rainforest. But humans have created some stunningly black substances too, using science and engineering. So who wins, nature or humans? In this video, I go in search of the blackest black things on Earth to see what’s really the blackest… and why.
Additional media provided by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI)
Thank you to Ryan Lavery at the Smithsonian Institution: National Museum of Natural History
References: https://sites.google.com/view/....references-blackest-
SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
We’re on PATREON! Join the community https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
-----------
High fives to all our Brain Trust Patrons:
NullBlox.ZachryWilsn
paul andre bouis
Mark Littlehale
Ali Freiburger
Mehdi Damou
Barbora Bei
Burt Humburg
Roy Lasris
dani bowman
David Johnston
Salih Arslan
Baerbel Winkler
Robert Young
Eric Meer
Dustin
Karen Haskell
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart
Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart
Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be
Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
Follow this link to more shark science videos by your favorite YouTubers!! http://bit.ly/1sugd0z
Sharks killed per hour infographic: http://bit.ly/1oXYT0Y
An estimated 100 million sharks are killed per year: http://bit.ly/1oE7uRS
Palau sharks are worth $2 million: http://nyti.ms/1kX4fua
Effect of shark overfishing on reefs: http://bit.ly/1opLhwF
Overfishing sharks led to scallop fishery collapse: https://www.sciencemag.org/content/315/5820/1846.short?related-urls=yes&legid=sci;315/5820/1846
Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Camera
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews
Gaffer - John Knudsen
Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod
Stock images via Shutterstock
Produced for PBS Digital Studios
-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart
Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart
Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be
Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/
To learn more about Brilliant, check out https://brilliant.org/BeSmart/
You might cry if you don’t SUBSCRIBE! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓
Why do we cry? It’s weird. Humans leak water out of their faces when they get sad. Are we the only animals that do this? What does it mean? What is it for? Here’s the science of human tears!
Give us a hand and SUBSCRIBE! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
References: http://bit.ly/2NMz5Wo
-----------
FOLLOW US:
Twitter: @DrJoeHanson @okaytobesmart
Instagram: @DrJoeHanson
Merch: https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
BOOKS WE’VE FEATURED:
http://smart-books.tumblr.com/
-----------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Kimberly McCoy, Ph.D.
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Derek Borsheim
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox
Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
This episode is brought to you by Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/
Tweet ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSmcraft Share on FB ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSmcraftFB
↓ More info and sources below ↓
Gravitational field of a cubic planet:
Chappell, James Michael, et al. "The gravity field of a cube." Physics International 3.2 (2012): 50.
http://search.proquest.com/ope....nview/6c982d4a364d8b
More:
http://www.askamathematician.c....om/2011/05/q-what-wo
https://possiblywrong.wordpres....s.com/2011/09/09/if-
1884 claim of cubic planet discovery:
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/a....bstract.html?res=940
Hats off to the Minecraft wiki community at Gamepedia for collecting stats about the Minecraft world!
http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Minecraft_Wiki
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: http://instagram.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Snapchat: YoDrJoe
-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios
Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc.
Kate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Theme music: “Ouroboros” by Kevin MacLeod
Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
Start your Audible trial today: http://www.audible.com/ok
Tweet this ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSmc Share on FB ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSmcFB
↓ More info and sources below ↓
Check out Destin’s video on Smarter Every Day: “DEVIL FACIAL TUMOR DISEASE” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hol33ga9G_E
“The Vital Question” by Nick Lane: http://amzn.to/1SntUdG
Further reading:
Bonner, J. T. (1998), The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol., 1: 27–36.
Grosberg, Richard K., and Richard R. Strathmann. "The evolution of multicellularity: a minor major transition?." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics (2007): 621-654.
Parfrey, Laura Wegener, and Daniel JG Lahr. "Multicellularity arose several times in the evolution of eukaryotes" Bioessays 35.4 (2013): 339-347.
Szathmary, Eors, and John Maynard Smith. "The major evolutionary transitions." NATURE 374 (1995): 16.
Szathmáry, Eörs. "Toward major evolutionary transitions theory 2.0."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112.33 (2015): 10104.
----
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Like us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: http://instagram.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Snapchat: YoDrJoe
-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
Stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted) http://www.videoblocks.com
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
I used #badDNA once in this video. Can you find it?
Don’t miss our next video! SUBSCRIBE! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓
If you see #badDna, be sure to show me on Twitter! @DrJoeHanson @okaytobesmart
Biology textbooks are full of drawings of DNA, but none of those show what DNA actually looks like. Sure, they’re good models for understanding how DNA works, but inside of real cells, it’s a whole lot more interesting. Learn why we can’t look directly at DNA, and find out how DNA is actually packed inside cells.
-----------
READ MORE:
Best electron microscope image of DNA: http://theatln.tc/2xLBb0Y
Atomic force microscopy (the tiny needle): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Atomic_force_microsc
Visualizing the 3-D genome: http://bit.ly/2eHud8k
Stevens, Tim J., et al. "3D structures of individual mammalian genomes studied by single-cell Hi-C." Nature 544.7648 (2017): 59-64.
-----------
FOLLOW US:
Merch: https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Twitter: @okaytobesmart @DrJoeHanson
Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Instagram: @DrJoeHanson
Snapchat: YoDrJoe
-----------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
Editor/animator: Evan Wright
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox
Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
Remove your personal information from the web at http://joindeleteme.com/BESMART and use code BESMART for 20% off
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓
Follow us over to the PBS App or PBS.org to watch Walking with Dinosaurs!
https://to.pbs.org/WalkingWithDinosaurs
How did dinosaurs become birds—and what good is half a wing? Join Joe and a few brave chickens as they recreate a brilliant experiment that helps solve one of evolution’s greatest mysteries: the origin of feathered flight.
Thank you to Dr. Jingmai O'Connor from Chicago's Field Museum for helpful discussions and background research
Sources: https://sites.google.com/view/....from-feathers-to-fli
-----------
High fives to all our Brain Trust Patrons:
Marcus Pingel
Olivia Ruiz
Mike and Patty Loftis
Ed Eyden
Jennifer Burton
Holly, Brett, and Ashe Bullion
Jaap Westera
Barbora Bei
dani bowman
David Johnston
Baerbel Winkler
Eric Meer
Karen Haskell
SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart
Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/
MAXIMUM EFFORT!
Give us a hand and SUBSCRIBE! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓
Axolotls are special salamanders. Not only to they stay in their juvenile form their whole lives, they can regenerate entire limbs! Studying how they do it could change the way we treat human limb injuries.
Special thanks to the Dallas Zoo!
References: http://bit.ly/2Gkoihd
-----------
FOLLOW US:
Twitter: @DrJoeHanson @okaytobesmart
Instagram: @DrJoeHanson
Merch: https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
SEND US STUFF:
It’s Okay To Be Smart
PO Box 303356
Austin, TX 78703
USA
BOOKS WE’VE FEATURED:
http://smart-books.tumblr.com/
-----------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Karl Boettcher and Derek Borsheim
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox
Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
“In Our Nature” is a NEW special limited series on It’s Okay To Be Smart!
We’re on PATREON! Join the community ►► https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓
Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 6, we investigate a mystery. Millennia ago, while much of the Earth was covered in ice, enormous animals lived on every continent except Antarctica. Species like ground sloths, mammoths, gomphotheres, sabertooth cats, even wombats the size of cars! Today, Africa is the only continent where these megafaunas still exist. Why? What happened to the rest of Earth’s giants?
In Our Nature is a special miniseries produced by It’s Okay To Be Smart for PBS. Stay tuned for more episodes coming this summer, here on our YouTube channel!
Original Production Funding provided by: Anne Ray Foundation, a Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropy
-----------
Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:
Joseph Spencer
Barbora Bei
Ken Board
Clinger-Hamilton Family
Attila Pix
Burt Humburg
DeliciousKashmiri
Brian Chang
Roy Lasris
Javier Soto
dani bowman
David Johnston
Salih Arslan
Baerbel Winkler
Robert Young
Amy Sowada
Eric Meer
Dustin
Marcus Tuepker
Karen Haskell
AlecZero
SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart
Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart
Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be
Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
The dose makes the poison…
Subscribe: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub Twitter: @jtotheizzoe @okaytobesmart
↓ More info and sources below ↓
CORRECTION: @2:14 we showed the wrong Paul Ehrlich (guy on the left). Instead of Paul Ehrlich the German doctor, we meant to show Paul Ehrlich the biologist: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich
Plants are the most important source of nutrients for pretty much all of Earth's animals, and many of the planet's bacteria and fungi too. Humans like them so much that we line them up in salad bars so we can feast upon their crunchy cronch by the plate full.
But plants don't always want to be eaten, ya know? Here's a look at some of our favorite plant flavors and how they are actually a form of chemical warfare
We owe caterpillars for spicy mustard:
http://www.pnas.org/content/ea....rly/2015/06/17/15039
http://munews.missouri.edu/new....s-releases/2015/0622
Overview of plant chemical defenses and what we use them for in the kitchen: http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter..../intropp/topics/Page
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: http://instagram.com/jtotheizzoe
-----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Google+ https://plus.google.com/+itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios
Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Theme music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod
Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks
-----------------
More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
Start your Audible trial today: http://www.audible.com/ok
Tweet this ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSmc Share on FB ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSmcFB
↓ More info and sources below ↓
Check out Destin’s video on Smarter Every Day: “DEVIL FACIAL TUMOR DISEASE” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hol33ga9G_E
“The Vital Question” by Nick Lane: http://amzn.to/1SntUdG
Further reading:
Bonner, J. T. (1998), The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol., 1: 27–36.
Grosberg, Richard K., and Richard R. Strathmann. "The evolution of multicellularity: a minor major transition?." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics (2007): 621-654.
Parfrey, Laura Wegener, and Daniel JG Lahr. "Multicellularity arose several times in the evolution of eukaryotes" Bioessays 35.4 (2013): 339-347.
Szathmary, Eors, and John Maynard Smith. "The major evolutionary transitions." NATURE 374 (1995): 16.
Szathmáry, Eörs. "Toward major evolutionary transitions theory 2.0."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112.33 (2015): 10104.
----
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Like us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: http://instagram.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Snapchat: YoDrJoe
-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
Stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted) http://www.videoblocks.com
Try 23andMe: http://www.23andme.com/okay
Enjoy this video? SUBSCRIBE! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓More info and sources below ↓↓↓
Who built the pyramids? The colossal geometric monuments found at Giza and elsewhere in Egypt are some of Earth’s most impressive constructions. Pyramids are truly wonders of the ancient and modern world.
But when the pyramids were built, the ancient Egyptians hadn’t invented the wheel, developed bronze tools, or discovered pi. How were they able to stack two million stone blocks, each weighing more than two tons, into precise geometric alignments that would survive more than 4,000 years and capture the imaginations of explorers throughout history? They did it the same way we always have: by trial and error. The true history of the pyramids is one of experimentation and science, not magic… or aliens.
-----------
REFERENCES:
Lehner, M. (1997). The complete pyramids. Thames and Hudson.
Parry, D. (2005). Engineering the pyramids. The History Press.
Verner, M. (2003). The pyramids: their archaeology and history. Atlantic.
Verner, M. (2007). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove/Atlantic, Inc..
-----------
FOLLOW US:
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
Merch: https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Twitter/Instagram: @okaytobesmart @DrJoeHanson
http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
-----------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
Producer/editor/animator: Andrew Orsak
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox
Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. Support your local station at: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
↓ More info and sources below ↓
In case you have a strange new desire to get an IOTBS shirt: http://store.dftba.com/collect....ions/its-okay-to-be-
See if you share a famous birthday (I got Tom Hiddleston): http://www.buzzfeed.com/kimber....leydadds/which-celeb
Explore the math behind Birthday Paradox #1: https://www.khanacademy.org/ma....th/probability/proba
Explore Birthday Paradox #2: http://www.trans4mind.com/pers....onal_development/mat
The “Facebook Birthday Problem” is a variant of the Coupon Collector’s Problem: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Coupon_collector%27s
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Follow on Twitter: @okaytobesmart @drjoehanson
http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: @okaytobesmart @drjoehanson
-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios
Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc.
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/itsokaytobesmart
Don’t miss our next video! SUBSCRIBE! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓ More info and sources below ↓
The ABSOLUTE best place to learn more about atmospheric optics: http://www.atoptics.co.uk/
Excellent resource on ice crystal physics: http://www.snowcrystals.com/
Video showing “5 suns” over Cambodia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejM6MJVVSFI
(actually two sun dogs, a parhelic circle, and two 120˚ parhelions!)
The coolest sky picture I’ve ever seen: https://www.facebook.com/NWSAmarillo/photos/a.376992752312629.94660.208741279137778/940978792580686/?type=3&theater
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Instagram: @DrJoeHanson
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios
Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc.
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)
Thumbnail image by Фтещт Нфтлщмнш CC BY-SA 4.0
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
Stop and smell the flowers… and watch this video
Subscribe: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub Twitter: @jtotheizzoe @okaytobesmart
↓ More info and sources below ↓
Bees and flowers have an amazingly close relationship. Flowers need bees in order to reproduce, and bees need flowers to feed their colonies. Take away one, and the other would disappear too. It begs the question: When it comes to evolution, which came first, the bees or the flowers?
Book recommendation:
"A Sting in the Tale" by Dave Goulson, a great scientific and cultural history of bees http://amzn.to/1BcytS5
Special thanks to the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center in Austin, TX for letting us hang out with their bees and flowers! https://www.wildflower.org/
More info/sources:
http://www.scientificamerican.....com/article/the-begu
http://www.the-scientist.com/?....articles.view/articl
http://www.bbc.com/earth/story..../20141017-how-flower
http://science.nationalgeograp....hic.com/science/preh
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: http://instagram.com/jtotheizzoe
-----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Google+ https://plus.google.com/+itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios
Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Theme music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod
Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks
-----------------
Last week's video:
The Energy Series! https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLsmqeqKj7M-
More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8
Valar more-curious!
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
SUBSCRIBE, it's FREE! http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓ More info and sources below ↓
WINTER:
Seasons of Westeros and the 3-body problem: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1304.0445v1.pdf
Other possible explanations for the seasons: http://io9.com/5906300/5-scien....tific-explanations-f
Why those other reasons are wrong:
http://bit.ly/1hYuRDJ
http://boingboing.net/2012/05/....14/great-moments-in-
http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/S
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles
NOTE ON MOONS AND STABILIZATION: I'm adding this comment after the video goes up: In retrospect I should have said that a moon doesn't *necessarily* have to be present to stabilize a planet. While our moon does cancel out some tugging from the other planets in the solar system, here's a recent paper shows that moonless planets can orbit with great stability even without the influence of a moon. Basically moons aren't required for stability: http://barnesos.net/publicatio....ns/papers/2012.01.Ic
Even more reasons for the seasons: http://www.tor.com/blogs/2011/....05/how-seasons-qwork
GEOLOGY:
Generation Anthropocene's AMAZING geologic history of Westeros and Essos: http://www.stanford.edu/group/....anthropocene/cgi-bin
VALYRIAN STEEL:
Damascus steel: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_steel
DRAGON FIRE:
Kyle Hill's explanation for real-life dragon fire: http://blogs.scientificamerica....n.com/but-not-simple
DRAGON FLIGHT:
Dragon-sized birds are biologically impossible: http://wapo.st/1lBV2RE
WILDFIRE:
Greek fire: http://www.sciforums.com/what-....is-greek-fire-t-6854
Trimethyl borate flame by hkparker: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6OrisgbsRmg
MILK OF POPPY:
Opates: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium
THE WALL:
Compression melting of ice: http://www.reddit.com/r/asksci....ence/comments/1qkdl0
DIRE WOLVES:
Canis dirus: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_wolf
REAL-LIFE CHARACTERS:
Abandon all productivity ye who click here: http://history-behind-game-of-thrones.com
Stark/Lannister feud in real life tapestry: http://history-behind-game-of-thrones.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/porte_saint_denis170-753x1024.jpg
Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Edited by Stephanie Noone and Kirby Conn from Arts & Labor
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios
-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart
Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart
Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be
Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/
