Is autism really on the rise—or are we just recognizing it more? This video breaks down what ASD is, explores real vs rumored causes, and examines how science separates fact from fiction. A clear, evidence-based look at autism amidst the noise from media, government officials, and online speculation.

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References: https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-autism-refe

0:00 Intro - Autism myths vs. science
1:18 Is the autism epidemic real?
2:57 What IS autism anyway?
4:54 The untold history of autism
7:21 Is it really just changes in diagnosis?
9:23 The trend we CAN’T explain
10:03 How much of autism is genetic?
15:37 Maybe it’s our environment too
17:07 Environmental factors: What we know
18:16 Autism and pregnancy
19:05 Pre-term birth
20:27 Pollution
21:16 Pesticides and heavy metals
22:53 Tylenol and pharmaceuticals
27:14 SSRIs
27:51 Vaccines
32:08 Gut microbiome
33:09 PFAS/plastics/pthalates
33:27 Why do we care?
34:13 Figuring it all out (conclusion)

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Hold on to your butts. This episode is about… butts. The science and evolutionary history of your rear end, the down-low on your derriere, shining a little light where the sun don't shine… you get the picture. But(t) seriously, we don't talk about this all-important hole enough, and how, from an evolutionary perspective, it might be the most important orifice on your body.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....briefhistoryofbutts-

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This time, we're the asteroid.

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Subscribe to It's Okay To Be Smart: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

Read "The Sixth Extinction by Elizabeth Kolbert: http://amzn.to/1xGKn0K

Rodolfo Dirzo et al. "Defaunation in the Anthropocene" http://bit.ly/1H7JQdw
Stuart Pimm et al. "Biodiversity of Species and Their Rates of Extinction" http://bit.ly/1A5UZJM

Get to know an endangered species: http://discover.iucnredlist.org/

Half of world's wildlife has died off in past 40 years: http://bit.ly/1BHl8jR

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc
Kate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics
Dalton Allen - Post-production intern
John Knudsen - Gaffer

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Stock images by Shutterstock

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Ever feel like you aren't totally yourself? Well, maybe you aren't. In this video, we explore the idea of human chimeras. In mythology, the "Chimaera" was a beast made from different animals combined into one. But in biology, a chimera is a single organism whose body is made from parts of two or more genetically distinct individuals of the same species. Biological chimeras were once thought to be rare, but modern genetics has shown us that these genetic mashups are so common, that you yourself may actually be a chimera. And even if you don't have part of another body in you, your body is certainly not just one thing. We also discuss the idea of mosaicism and how it relates to cancer, Tasmanian devils, and circus sideshow attractions. #genetics #chimera

Special thanks to Dr. Emily Zarka, our favorite monsterologist!

SOURCES: https://sites.google.com/view/....human-chimeras-refer

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Check out Far Out on @pbsterra : https://youtu.be/jpUjze3v_6c
Check out Why Am I Like This? on @pbsterra : https://youtu.be/eWzBNfBnFys

What's the tallest mountain on Earth? It might seem like an easy question to answer, but in reality it's one that brings up more NEW questions than answers. It turns out that the way we measure mountains rests on a lot of approximations, assumptions, and averages. And when you dig into those, there's several contenders for the tallest mountain, each with their own good case for the title. So, which mountain do YOU think should take the throne?

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....references-tallest-m

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This video is perfect for adults orchids.
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Many creatures wear disguises in order to keep safe from predators, but there are some that dress to kill. Orchid mantises are one of nature’s most awesome examples of aggressive mimicry. These killer insects are almost indistinguishable from orchids! Scientists recently learned that their disguise doesn’t work quite how we thought it did.

Special thanks to YouTuber Fruchtpudding for letting us use their awesome orchid mantis hunting footage! https://www.youtube.com/user/Fruchtpudding

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READ MORE:

O’Hanlon, J. C. (2016). Orchid mantis. Current Biology, 26(4), R145-R146.

O’Hanlon, J. C., Holwell, G. I., & Herberstein, M. E. (2013). Pollinator deception in the orchid mantis. The American Naturalist, 183(1), 126-132.

O’Hanlon, J. C., Herberstein, M. E., & Holwell, G. I. (2014). Habitat selection in a deceptive predator: maximizing resource availability and signal efficacy. Behavioral Ecology, 26(1), 194-199.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
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Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

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Earth’s climate is changing in a big way, and it’s because there's more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than at any point in our species’ history. But Earth’s climate has changed before. How do we know that this time we’re the cause? We know thanks to tiny bubbles of ancient atmosphere trapped in ice. #climatechange #globalwarming

Thanks to Dr. Jeff Severinghaus and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....ice-cores-climate-ch

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How many times do you look in a mirror every day? Have you ever stopped to wonder how they actually work? Mirrors do strange things to our world, seemingly flipping everything so that what was right is left and what was left is right. But what if I told you that mirrors don’t actually flip the world left to right? The real magic of mirrors is far stranger and more interesting, as you’re about to learn.

Inspired by:
Gardner, Martin - The New Ambidextrous Universe: Symmetry and Asymmetry from Mirror Reflections to Superstrings

Check out It's Lit: Unabridged, a new podcast from PBS:
iTunes: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/....podcast/its-lit-unab
Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/....4XOCT3jhB12mYcbA15h7

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Several jokes were harmed in the making of this video
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Laughing is a universal human behavior, one that transcends borders of language and culture. But it's also REALLY WEIRD. Why do we do it? The answer has less to do with humor than you might think
Learn more:
"Laughter: A Scientific Investigation" by Robert Provine http://amzn.to/1fzZQLy

"Ha! The Science of When We Laugh and Why" by Scott Weems http://amzn.to/1etLLyv



Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
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For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer


Theme music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks


-----------------

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

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I’ve explained a lot of weird bodily functions on this show but there’s one that we haven’t covered that’s always confused me: Tickling. What are you for, tickling? What’s the point of you? Why do you exist? Why do you make us laugh even though we hate you? Let’s dig into our evolutionary past to try and find an answer.

References:

Laughing, tickling, and speech http://untiredwithloving.org/dhahak.pdf
Pathogenic laughter https://n.neurology.org/content/64/12/2154.short
Tickling review http://charris.ucsd.edu/articl....es/Harris_EHB2012.pd
Darwin-Hecker http://charris.ucsd.edu/articles/Harris&Christenfeld_CE1997.pdf
Early thoughts https://www.jstor.org/stable/1....411471?seq=1#page_sc
Neural correlates of laughter https://academic.oup.com/cerco....r/article/23/6/1280/
Neural correlates of laughter https://academic.oup.com/brain..../article/126/10/2121 Experience of pleasure https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6877978
Tickling and laughter https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
Ticklish rats https://science.sciencemag.org..../content/354/6313/75
Social laughter and pain https://royalsocietypublishing.....org/doi/full/10.109


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What do raindrops look like? Exactly how we drew them as kids, right? Wrong! Teardrop-shaped rain is physically impossible. This week I went inside a vertical wind tunnel to bring you the true shape of rain.

Special thanks to iFly Indoor Skydiving in Austin, TX! Learn more about their STEM field trips: https://www.iflyworld.com/prog....rams/stem-field-trip

REFERENCES:

Dr. Scot Martin, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry at Harvard University https://www.seas.harvard.edu/directory/smartin

Terminal Velocity of Raindrops Aloft
https://journals.ametsoc.org/d....oi/10.1175/1520-0450

The Terminal Velocity of Fall for Water Droplets in Stagnant Air
https://journals.ametsoc.org/d....oi/pdf/10.1175/1520-

Single-Drop Fragmentation Determines Size Distribution of Raindrops
https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys1340



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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
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Our lizard friend the Gila monster probably has no idea that a chemical in its spit inspired one of the most important medical advancements of the 21st century. But this story is really about something bigger. Something deeper, beneath the surface. About why we do science in the first place. And about what kind of questions are the best ones for scientists to ask.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....useless-knowledge-re

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Dorothy went over one. LeVar Burton read to us under one. In a song, Kermit the Frog connected us to one. Even Mork's suspenders were made of them.

Our culture, and our skies, are full of rainbows, but do you know how they form? Do we all see the same rainbow? Could cyborg-enhanced mantis shrimp eyes someday see a bigger rainbow?

The answer to all these questions involves a little physics, and the number 42.

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)

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It never gets dark anymore. Not REALLY dark, anyway. Not like it used to. Light pollution is not only making it more difficult to see the night sky, but it's also affecting our health. For the past century and a half, since the dawn of electric light, we’ve been losing our connection to the night. We need artificial light for modern society, of course. The problem is, we need darkness for our health, and for the health of wildlife and ecosystems, and we’re not getting enough of it. I traveled to McDonald Observatory in far west Texas, one of the darkest places in North America, to learn what people are doing in order to preserve dark skies, and to see truly dark skies for myself (and so I could show them to you!). This video features time lapse night sky images that I’ve been collecting for the past few years, and I hope they make you feel something special. Turn out the lights, keep looking up, and don’t be afraid of the dark.
#lightpollution #darkskies #astronomy

SOURCES/MORE INFO: https://sites.google.com/view/....light-pollution-sour

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For centuries, diamonds were one of the most mysterious materials on Earth. They were beautiful, indestructible, and completely unexplained. Today, we’re exploring how scientists unlocked their secrets, and how one lab recreates the extreme conditions in Earth's mantle to make diamonds… out of dead people.

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Your love life would be WILD
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Special thanks to Jurgen Otto and Brave Bison for that great peacock spider video! Check out https://www.youtube.com/user/Peacockspiderman

Get a sneak peek of the Maker Box I'm curating for Quarterly: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vit_ozLnHmA
Order yours by Feb. 22, 2017! ttp://on.qrtr.ly/ItsOKtoMake

Ever find yourself wishing for relationship advice and have no one to turn to? Looking for the secrets to a long and happy relationship but can’t find the answers? Maybe you just want to know how to tell that certain someone that you like them, but don’t know how to make the first move? Have no fear, Mother Nature is here! Other animals have millennia worth of mating experience, maybe they can teach us a thing or two?

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Editor/animator/producer: Andrew Matthews
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

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If bees go, will they take us with them?
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Bees, wild and domesticated, are in big trouble. Bee colonies are dying off at alarming rates, and the cause isn't clear. Pesticides, habitat loss, disease… there's a laundry list of likely culprits. We rely on these tiny pollinators for a majority of our fruits, veggies, and nuts… if they disappear, could we be next?

LINKS/SOURCES:
Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers (Science, 2015) http://www.sciencemag.org/cont....ent/347/6229/1255957

What's killing America's bees? http://journals.plos.org/plosb....iology/article?id=10

Anand Varma's TED talk on saving bees: http://www.ted.com/talks/anand...._varma_a_thrilling_l

The White House's 2015 Pollinator Action Plan: http://journalistsresource.org..../studies/environment

Colony collapse disorder: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C....olony_collapse_disor

Report of the commissioner of agriculture (1868): https://archive.org/details/reportofcommis00unit

Summary of colony collapse disorder: http://journalistsresource.org..../studies/environment

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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks


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Last week's video:
The Energy Series! https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLsmqeqKj7M-

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

Yep. Goats!
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Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Who are those people in the intro? Say hi to Joe Nicolosi (director) and Katie Graham (camera)!

Goat field of vision: http://blogs.lifeandscience.org/keepers/tag/pupil/

Goat pupil shape: http://www.journalofvision.org..../content/13/9/607.sh

Radiolab story about a goat on a cow: http://www.radiolab.org/story/224292-behind-goat/

"Fainting goat" syndrome: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotonia_congenita

Goats have "accents": http://www.thedailybeast.com/c....heats/2012/02/16/stu

Goat tastebuds: http://bit.ly/1zFxhiY

Goat diet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat#Diet

How goats climb so well: http://www.asknature.org/strat....egy/719058a39eea5af7

Billy Whiskers: http://www.childrensbooksonlin....e.org/Billy_Whiskers

In case you're curious, the star cluster in the thumbnail is Messier 30, which is in the Capricorn constellation, because goats.

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Camera
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews
Gaffer - John Knudsen/Philip Sheldon

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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Check out this PBS Space Time playlist all about general and special relativity: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLsPUh22kYmN

Physics Girl explains gravitational waves: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrduBZ319XI

LIGO’s gravitational waves converted into sound (from the end of video): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWqhUANNFXw
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigita...

Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)