Welcome to… Jurassic Pluck
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Most people are taught that dinosaurs went extinct 66 million years ago when a giant meteor crashed into the Yucatan peninsula. I'm here to tell you that's wrong. Dinosaurs are alive and well today, and you don't have to go to Jurassic World to see them (although hanging out with Chris Pratt would be cool)
We have living dinosaurs all around us. We just call them "birds". Yes. Birds are dinosaurs.

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The tetrapod playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLsmqeqKj7M-

Special thanks to Scott Hartman (http://www.skeletaldrawing.com/) for the great Deinonychus and Archaeopteryx illustrations

More info/sources:

Great Audubon article on dinosaur-bird evolution http://www.audubon.org/magazin....e/january-february-2
Dig deeper with this hour-long Yale lecture by Dr. Richard Prum: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ao7Q8kOqjfs
Dr. John Hutchinson's research on dinosaur/bird posture
http://whatsinjohnsfreezer.com..../2013/04/24/3d_dinos
Chickens wearing prosthetic tails, for science!
http://journals.plos.org/ploso....ne/article?id=10.137
T. rex had a wishbone: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/....science-nature/this-
Did prey grasping of dinosaurs evolve into bird flight stroke? http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/v....ertebrates/flight/av
Reconstructing dinosaur sounds http://www.sandia.gov/LabNews/....LN12-19-97/dinosaur_
Great TED-Ed video on the evolution of feathers in dinosaurs: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPLgfGX1I5Y
Brian Switek on dinosaur feathers: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/....ist/?next=/science-n
What do birds see? http://www.nwf.org/news-and-ma....gazines/national-wil
Tetrachromacy and feathers in dinosaurs: http://www.sciencemag.org/cont....ent/346/6208/416.sho


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Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
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Birds of paradise clips via PBS Nature

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…and how did it evolve in the first place?
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Why do we sleep? We spend a third of our lives in slumber, but science has yet to determine exactly why we have do it. Here’s a look at how sleep works, why we’re not getting enough sleep, what happens if you DON’T sleep, and an idea about where sleep came from in the first place.

Follow me to The Good Stuff’s sleep playlist: https://youtu.be/RHCcM7LyZdc?l....ist=PLsRLUurFnvvUCys

Also check out BrainCraft:
https://youtu.be/yv-XNKK9laE
https://youtu.be/ZPpvS9wDOcA

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“Dreamland: Adventures in the Strange Science of Sleep” by David K. Randall http://amzn.to/1MB38dt

"The Universal Pastime: Sleep and Rest Explained" by Dr Richard Horner http://amzn.com/B00NT9O60O

Cool research on melatonin in sea worm larvae: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10..../02/science/the-evol

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Nothing can travel faster than light — in a vacuum. But when light slows down, sometimes matter can blaze past that speed limit, creating a stunning glow called Cherenkov radiation. We can see this glow in a nuclear reactor as high-energy particles speed by. It offers us a window into a realm of the universe that is usually invisible to us.

Filmed at the J. J. Pickle Research Campus at the University of Texas at Austin

References ►► https://sites.google.com/view/....cherenkov-radiation-

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0:00 A strange blue glow
1:24 How to slow light down
3:19 The right way to think about light
5:41 How to make a photonic boom
7:51 Who discovered this?
8:25 Why this matters
9:45 Extras!


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We all know Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, right? Natural selection? But what about his lesser-know theory of evolution: sexual selection. Let’s talk about how animals like peacocks, whose eye-catching physical traits make them evolutionarily stronger even though their flashy looks make them more vulnerable to predators. Hint: it’s all about the chemistry.

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The sticky physics that let geckos do what they do!
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Geckos can grip and climb almost anything. Walking up walls, hanging upside down… even from glass. It’s almost like they can defy gravity. How do they do it? The secret lies in nanotechnology. I’ll tell you how that works and how scientists are using this incredible gripping ability to inspire next-generation adhesives. Here's the secret behind a gecko's gravity defying grip.

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Seedless fruits are delicious, convenient… and completely unnatural. In this video, we explore the science, history, and hidden risks behind seedless bananas, watermelons, and grapes — and why they literally can’t survive without us.

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Everyone lies. Even you and even me. We lie about small things and we lie about big things. We lie to help ourselves and we lie to protect others. Powerful people lie, all the way down to little kids telling fibs. Why do we do this if we’re supposed to be the most socially developed species on Earth? Why can’t we tell the truth? Are we doomed to lie? Well, maybe. Here’s why.

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The oldest rocks on Earth are more than just ancient—they’re time machines, holding clues to Earth’s missing history and revealing what happened in the unknown times after the Big Bang. We’ll work with our Adam and Joss from Howtown to learn more and visit our friends at The Smithsonian to examine some of these beyond-ancient rocks ourselves.

Thank you to geochronologists Mike Ackerson and Jesse Reimink for helpful background discussions

Thank you to @Howtown Go check out our collab over on their channel!

0:00 Holding the oldest rocks ever
0:56 The geologic calendar
3:06 Zircon - the Time Lord
4:58 The Oldest Thing on Earth
5:54 Where to find very very very old rocks
9:03 Gneiss guys finish first
10:50 How do we know how old these rocks are?
13:50 A new picture of the early Earth
16:30 Follow me to Howtown!

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Sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, OH MY!

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As massive magnetic fusion reactors go, the sun is pretty awesome.

How a CME forms: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsXqNNQsS7I

More on solar storms from Bad Astronomy:
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad...._astronomy/2013/02/0
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad...._astronomy/2013/02/2

Anatomy of solar storms: http://www.space.com/12047-sol....ar-flares-sun-storms

All the sun science you've ever wanted:
http://solarcellcentral.com/sun_page.html

Footage via NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, ESA/Hubble, and Pond5

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
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Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews

Music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Artwork/photos via Shutterstock

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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One, two… ∞
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Would it surprise you to learn that fish and birds count in pretty much the same way that we do? And that infants can do math? Our animal brains deal with quantities in very specific ways, from quick counts of a few dots to how we perceive larger numbers. This "number sense" impacts our psychology, history, and behavior in the most fascinating ways.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-brain-on-nu

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Is the equinox really when day = night?
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Calculate day length where you live for any date: http://www.timeanddate.com/sun/

Very cool solar angle simulator: http://astro.unl.edu/classacti....on/animations/coords

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A human with the metabolism of a hummingbird would need to eat about 80,000 calories a day to survive. That’s because staying warm by making your own heat takes a ton of energy. And that brings up a paradox, because creating your own body heat is incredibly expensive. The largest animals on Earth have to spend most of their day just eating enough to keep their heat engines running. So why aren’t we cold-blooded… like crocodiles? Here’s the science

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This is one of the weirdest mysteries of human evolution: Why do we have grandmas? From menopause to our slow maturation and super-long lifespans, humans are quite unique in the animal kingdom. Could grandma be an evolutionary secret weapon? Or is she just a surprise side effect of living long lives?

Thank you to @MamaDoctorJones Go check out her channel!

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....mystery-menopause-re

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Chapters:
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0:45 Nature's strangest life cycles
2:25 The whole point of evolution
4:48 The mystery of grandmas (it's menopause)
6:02 Mama Doctor Jones explains the female reproductive system
8:55 Why do humans live so long after reproductive age?
10:46 The Grandmother Hypothesis
12:50 There's just one catch… and a NEW theory!
15:12 Putting it all together
17:00 A word from our sponsor


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Why do the same, self-repeating patterns appear in trees, rivers, lightning, and even inside our own bodies? Is there some secret, hidden rule of nature or mathematics that makes these intricate designs appear all over the place? Let’s talk about fractals.

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Shows like The Walking Dead are full of hungry, mindless, surprisingly fleet-footed armies of brain-eating zombies. Could they actually exist? Are zombies real? Well, maybe if you're talking about zom-bees! This week I introduce you to some of nature's strangest mind-controlling parasites, who make zombies of the natural world. This one will make your brain tingle. That's just the awesome science, though… not a parasite. Promise!

Watch the full video clips used in this episode:
KQED zom-bees https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdZ3M8C6yhs
BBC cordyceps https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuKjBIBBAL8
Jewel wasp: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vl_9kghmChw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWAV1zj5TXQ
Cricket horsehair worm: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Df_iGe_JSzI
Red berry ants: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4Rj89-wuDo
NatGeo zombie snails: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Go_LIz7kTok

LEARN MORE:
Ed Yong's TED talk: http://www.ted.com/talks/ed_yo....ng_suicidal_wasps_zo
Biochemistry of parasitic zombies: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/parasites-use-sophisticated-biochemistry-to-take-over-their-hosts.html?_r=1&
An entire issue of the Journal of Experimental Biology dedicated to parasitic control of hosts: http://jeb.biologists.org/content/216/1.toc


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!
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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
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Katie Graham - Director of Photography
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Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM

Stock images from Shutterstock

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Last week's video: Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs

More videos:
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8
Why Did We Blow on NES Games? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Gf9mtXnJfM
The Science of Game of Thrones - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Utu-LpJn3Is
There Was No First Human - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdWLhXi24Mo

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It would be a lot easier to study the science of dreaming if we weren’t asleep every time we did it. Why do we dream? What does dreaming do for our brains? How did dreaming evolve? Here’s a look at the current theories from psychology and neuroscience.

References:
Barrett, D. (2017), Dreams and creative problem-solving. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1406: 64-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13412
Carlo Cipolli, Roberto Bolzani, Cesare Comoldi, Rossana De Beni, Iino Fagioli, Bizarreness Effect in Dream Recall, Sleep, Volume 16, Issue 2, March 1993, Pages 163–170, https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/16.2.163
Eagleman DM, Vaughn DA (2021). The Defensive Activation Theory: REM Sleep as a Mechanism to Prevent Takeover of the Visual Cortex. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 15:632853. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.632853
El-Solh, A. A. (2018). Management of nightmares in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: Current perspectives. Nature and Science of Sleep, 10, 409–420.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30538593/
Hughes, J. Donald. (2000). Dream Interpretation in Ancient Civilizations. Dreaming. 10. 7-18. 10.1023/A:1009447606158.
Káli, S., Dayan, P. Off-line replay maintains declarative memories in a model of hippocampal-neocortical interactions. Nature Neuroscience 7, 286–294 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1202
Montangero, Jacques & Ivanyi, Corinne & Saint-Hilaire, Zara. (2003). Completeness and accuracy of morning reports after a recall cue: Comparison of dream and film reports. Consciousness and cognition. 12. 49-62. 10.1016/S1053-8100(02)00029-6.
Stickgold, R., Malia, A.; Maguire, D., Roddenberry, D., O'Connor, M. (2000). Replaying the Game: Hypnagogic Images in Normals and Amnesics. Science. 290 (5490): 350–353. doi:10.1126/science.290.5490.350.
Valli, K., Revonsuo, A., Pälkäs, O., Ismail, K. H., Ali, K. J., & Punamäki, R.-L. (2005). The threat simulation theory of the evolutionary function of dreaming: Evidence from dreams of traumatized children. Consciousness and Cognition, 14(1), 188–218. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15766897/
van der Linden, S. The Science Behind Dreaming. Scientific American. July 26, 2011
Erin J. Wamsley, PhD, Karen Perry, MD, Ina Djonlagic, MD, Laura Babkes Reaven, MD, Robert Stickgold, PhD, Cognitive Replay of Visuomotor Learning at Sleep Onset: Temporal Dynamics and Relationship to Task Performance, Sleep, Volume 33, Issue 1, January 2010, Pages 59–68, https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/33.1.59
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What holds the moon up? Moonbeams!
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According to Newton's law of gravitation, the sun should "pull" way harder on the moon than the Earth does. So does the moon actually orbit the Earth? Why?

Special thanks to Ariel for submitting this awesome question to our Facebook page!

Hill Spheres and lunar orbit: http://blogs.discovermagazine.....com/badastronomy/200

True shape of moon's orbit: http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/asl....aksen/teaching/conve

Newton's law of gravitation vs. Hill Sphere: https://van.physics.illinois.e....du/qa/listing.php?id
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_sphere

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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Google+ https://plus.google.com/+itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Stephen Bohls - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM

Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks

French subtitles by Alessandro Dal Cero

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Last week's video:
What's The Loudest Possible Sound? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wi_aawsChqA

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8