There's nothing wrong with having your head in the clouds!

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Subscribe to It's Okay To Be Smart: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

Big thank you to my favorite cloud scientist Dione Rossiter for help researching this episode!

"The Cloudspotter's Guide" by Gavin Pretor-Pinney http://amzn.to/1s3kk2S

The International Cloud Atlas: http://bit.ly/1q0kgLy

William Rankin - The Man Who Rode the Thunder http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cqQzcChFG0

Bacteria that live in the clouds: http://www.pnas.org/content/110/7/2575.abstract

Mass of a cloud: http://mentalfloss.com/article..../49786/how-much-does

Amazing facts about clouds: http://blog.ted.com/2013/07/16..../8-illuminating-fact

A beginner's guide to being a cloudspotter: http://www.theguardian.com/lif....eandstyle/2014/apr/1

How clouds affect climate change: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sDo7saKaEys

The clouds and bushes in Super Mario Bros are the same thing: http://www.todayifoundout.com/....index.php/2010/01/th

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

Another YouTube #shorts from Dr. Joe! Subscribe for more fun science stories.

Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

This is part 3 of our special series on Human Ancestry!
Watch the entire series here ►► http://bit.ly/OKTBSHuman
↓↓↓More info and sources below ↓↓↓

In part 3 of our special series on human ancestry, we investigate how closely related we all really are. Basic math tells us that all humans share ancestors. But you’ll be amazed at how recently those shared ancestors lived. Thanks to genetic data in the 21st century, we’re even discovering that we really are all descended from one mother.

-----------
REFERENCES:

Chang, Joseph T. "Recent common ancestors of all present-day individuals." Advances in Applied Probability 31.04 (1999): 1002-1026.

Jorde, Lynn B. "Genetic variation and human evolution." (2003).

Rohde, Douglas LT. "On the common ancestors of all living humans." (2003)

Rohde, Douglas LT, Steve Olson, and Joseph T. Chang. "Modelling the recent common ancestry of all living humans." Nature 431.7008 (2004): 562-566.

Stringer, Chris. “Lone survivors: How we came to be the only humans on earth.” Macmillan, 2012. http://amzn.to/2oIFg3q (Library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855581724)

Tattersall, Ian. “Masters of the planet: the search for our human origins.” Macmillan, 2012. http://amzn.to/2pOZrKS (Library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/733231407)


-----------
FOLLOW US:

Merch: https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Twitter: @okaytobesmart @DrJoeHanson
Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Instagram: @DrJoeHanson
Snapchat: YoDrJoe
-----------

It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
Producer/editor/animator: Andrew Matthews
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

If cold isn't real, then how can I feel it?
Subscribe to It's Okay To Be Smart: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: http://instagram.com/jtotheizzoe

You've felt cold before. Sometimes it's cold outside. But what if I told you that "cold" isn't real? There's no substance or quantity called "cold" in science. We can't measure the amount of "cold" in something. Instead it's about what's NOT there. In this week's video, learn the difference between heat and temperature, why a wind makes us feel colder, and what it's like to live as a mass of jiggling atoms. This is the physics of cold
Cool PBS NOVA episode on the search for absolute zero: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2jSv8PDDwA

Richard Feynman on jiggling atoms: http://youtu.be/v3pYRn5j7oI

The movement of atoms in a wind: http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/....askasci/chem03/chem0

Why a breeze feels cool: http://physics.stackexchange.c....om/questions/72163/w

Density of the interstellar medium: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_medium

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!

-----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Google+ https://plus.google.com/+itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM

Stock images from Shutterstock

-----------------

Last week's video:
How many smells can you smell? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yEtBps-BnI

More videos:
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Why Did We Blow on NES Games? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Gf9mtXnJfM
The Science of Game of Thrones - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Utu-LpJn3Is
There Was No First Human - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdWLhXi24Mo
How The Elements Got Their Names - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtg9p6A6xnY

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Check out BrainCraft: http://youtu.be/aucscX191vQ
Subscribe to It's Okay To Be Smart: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

↓ More info and sources below ↓

Part 1 of 3 in my series about why our bodies are shaped the way they are. Stay tuned for part 2 and 3 later this week! Make sure you head over BrainCraft and check out the rest of our collaboration!

More info:

Still of that crazy face comes from FKA twigs' "Water Me": http://youtu.be/kFtMl-uipA8

Evolution of the nervous system: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E....volution_of_nervous_

Step by step along the evolutionary tree:
http://tolweb.org/Bilateria/2459
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterostome
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostome
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urochordata
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalochordata
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata

Evolutionary timeline of vertebrates: http://www.utexas.edu/news/2008/03/03/tree/

How old are Hox genes: http://www.nature.com/nrg/jour....nal/v8/n5/full/nrg21
Hox genes in development: The Hox Code http://www.nature.com/scitable..../topicpage/hox-genes

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Motion Graphics and Editing - Arts+Labor
Stephanie Noone - Producer, Arts+Labor
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

Welcome to… Jurassic Pluck
Subscribe: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub Twitter: @DrJoeHanson @okaytobesmart
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Most people are taught that dinosaurs went extinct 66 million years ago when a giant meteor crashed into the Yucatan peninsula. I'm here to tell you that's wrong. Dinosaurs are alive and well today, and you don't have to go to Jurassic World to see them (although hanging out with Chris Pratt would be cool)
We have living dinosaurs all around us. We just call them "birds". Yes. Birds are dinosaurs.

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

The tetrapod playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLsmqeqKj7M-

Special thanks to Scott Hartman (http://www.skeletaldrawing.com/) for the great Deinonychus and Archaeopteryx illustrations

More info/sources:

Great Audubon article on dinosaur-bird evolution http://www.audubon.org/magazin....e/january-february-2
Dig deeper with this hour-long Yale lecture by Dr. Richard Prum: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ao7Q8kOqjfs
Dr. John Hutchinson's research on dinosaur/bird posture
http://whatsinjohnsfreezer.com..../2013/04/24/3d_dinos
Chickens wearing prosthetic tails, for science!
http://journals.plos.org/ploso....ne/article?id=10.137
T. rex had a wishbone: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/....science-nature/this-
Did prey grasping of dinosaurs evolve into bird flight stroke? http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/v....ertebrates/flight/av
Reconstructing dinosaur sounds http://www.sandia.gov/LabNews/....LN12-19-97/dinosaur_
Great TED-Ed video on the evolution of feathers in dinosaurs: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPLgfGX1I5Y
Brian Switek on dinosaur feathers: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/....ist/?next=/science-n
What do birds see? http://www.nwf.org/news-and-ma....gazines/national-wil
Tetrachromacy and feathers in dinosaurs: http://www.sciencemag.org/cont....ent/346/6208/416.sho


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
Follow on Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: http://instagram.com/drjoehanson

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks
Birds of paradise clips via PBS Nature

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

…and how did it evolve in the first place?
Tweet ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSsleep Share on FB ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSsleepFB
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Why do we sleep? We spend a third of our lives in slumber, but science has yet to determine exactly why we have do it. Here’s a look at how sleep works, why we’re not getting enough sleep, what happens if you DON’T sleep, and an idea about where sleep came from in the first place.

Follow me to The Good Stuff’s sleep playlist: https://youtu.be/RHCcM7LyZdc?l....ist=PLsRLUurFnvvUCys

Also check out BrainCraft:
https://youtu.be/yv-XNKK9laE
https://youtu.be/ZPpvS9wDOcA

For more, read:

“Dreamland: Adventures in the Strange Science of Sleep” by David K. Randall http://amzn.to/1MB38dt

"The Universal Pastime: Sleep and Rest Explained" by Dr Richard Horner http://amzn.com/B00NT9O60O

Cool research on melatonin in sea worm larvae: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10..../02/science/the-evol

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: http://instagram.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Snapchat: YoDrJoe

-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc.
Kate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Arts & Labor - Motion Graphics
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music: “Ouroboros” by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

Thank you to Foreo for supporting PBS. For more information, go to https://foreo.se/fmg3 and use code PBSFOREO
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

Nothing can travel faster than light — in a vacuum. But when light slows down, sometimes matter can blaze past that speed limit, creating a stunning glow called Cherenkov radiation. We can see this glow in a nuclear reactor as high-energy particles speed by. It offers us a window into a realm of the universe that is usually invisible to us.

Filmed at the J. J. Pickle Research Campus at the University of Texas at Austin

References ►► https://sites.google.com/view/....cherenkov-radiation-

SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

We’re on PATREON! Join the community ►► https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

0:00 A strange blue glow
1:24 How to slow light down
3:19 The right way to think about light
5:41 How to make a photonic boom
7:51 Who discovered this?
8:25 Why this matters
9:45 Extras!


-----------

High fives to all our Brain Trust Patrons:

Jaap Westera
Millennial Glacier
Mark Littlehale
Mehdi Damou
Barbora Bei
Burt Humburg
dani bowman
David Johnston
Salih Arslan
Baerbel Winkler
Robert Young
Eric Meer
Dustin
Karen Haskell

Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

This episode of Be Smart is licensed exclusively to YouTube.

Download Opera for free: https://opr.as/Opera-browser-be-smart
SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

We all know Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, right? Natural selection? But what about his lesser-know theory of evolution: sexual selection. Let’s talk about how animals like peacocks, whose eye-catching physical traits make them evolutionarily stronger even though their flashy looks make them more vulnerable to predators. Hint: it’s all about the chemistry.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....sexual-selection-sou

-----------

High fives to all our Brain Trust Patrons:

Olivia Ruiz
Mike and Patty Loftis
Ed Eyden
Jennifer Burton
Charles Horton, Jr
Holly, Brett, and Ashe Bullion
Jaap Westera
Barbora Bei
Burt Humburg
dani bowman
David Johnston
Baerbel Winkler
Eric Meer
Karen Haskell

Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

The sticky physics that let geckos do what they do!
We’re on PATREON! Join the community ►► https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Geckos can grip and climb almost anything. Walking up walls, hanging upside down… even from glass. It’s almost like they can defy gravity. How do they do it? The secret lies in nanotechnology. I’ll tell you how that works and how scientists are using this incredible gripping ability to inspire next-generation adhesives. Here's the secret behind a gecko's gravity defying grip.

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....gecko-grip-reference

Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:

AlecZero
Amy Sowada
Baerbel Winkler
Benjamin Teinby
Denzel Holmes
Diego Lombeida
Dustin
Eric Meer
George Gladding
Jay Stephens
Karen Haskell
Marcus Tuepker
Oliver and Arden Bradshaw
Peter Ehrnstrom
Robert Young
Salih Arslan
Vincbis
Zenimal

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

🗣️ Visit https://to.pbs.org/DonateBeSmart to support your local PBS stations.
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

Seedless fruits are delicious, convenient… and completely unnatural. In this video, we explore the science, history, and hidden risks behind seedless bananas, watermelons, and grapes — and why they literally can’t survive without us.

-----------

High fives to all our Brain Trust Patrons:

Reuben Brewer
Marcus Pingel
Olivia Ruiz
Mike and Patty Loftis
Ed Eyden
Holly, Brett, and Ashe Bullion
Jaap Westera
Barbora Bei
dani bowman
David Johnston
Baerbel Winkler
Eric Meer
Karen Haskell


SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Another YouTube #shorts from Dr. Joe! Subscribe for more fun science stories.

Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
↓ More info and sources below ↓

We’re on PATREON! Join the community ►► https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

Everyone lies. Even you and even me. We lie about small things and we lie about big things. We lie to help ourselves and we lie to protect others. Powerful people lie, all the way down to little kids telling fibs. Why do we do this if we’re supposed to be the most socially developed species on Earth? Why can’t we tell the truth? Are we doomed to lie? Well, maybe. Here’s why.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....whydowelie-reference

-----------

Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:

Ahmed Elkhanany
Zenimal
Salih Arslan
Baerbel Winkler
Denzel Holmes
Robert Young
Amy Sowada
Benjamin Teinby
Eric Meer
Jay Stephens
Peter Ehrnstrom
Dustin
Marcus Tuepker
Karen Haskell
AlecZero
Diego Lombeida

Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

The first 500 people to use my link in the description will receive a one month free trial of Skillshare: https://skl.sh/itsokaytobesmart03251
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

The oldest rocks on Earth are more than just ancient—they’re time machines, holding clues to Earth’s missing history and revealing what happened in the unknown times after the Big Bang. We’ll work with our Adam and Joss from Howtown to learn more and visit our friends at The Smithsonian to examine some of these beyond-ancient rocks ourselves.

Thank you to geochronologists Mike Ackerson and Jesse Reimink for helpful background discussions

Thank you to @Howtown Go check out our collab over on their channel!

0:00 Holding the oldest rocks ever
0:56 The geologic calendar
3:06 Zircon - the Time Lord
4:58 The Oldest Thing on Earth
5:54 Where to find very very very old rocks
9:03 Gneiss guys finish first
10:50 How do we know how old these rocks are?
13:50 A new picture of the early Earth
16:30 Follow me to Howtown!

-----------

High fives to all our Brain Trust Patrons:

Olivia Ruiz
Mike and Patty Loftis
Ed Eyden
Jennifer Burton
Holly, Brett, and Ashe Bullion
Jaap Westera
Barbora Bei
dani bowman
David Johnston
Baerbel Winkler
Eric Meer
Karen Haskell


SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

Sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, OH MY!

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
Subscribe to It's Okay To Be Smart: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

↓ More info and sources below ↓

As massive magnetic fusion reactors go, the sun is pretty awesome.

How a CME forms: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsXqNNQsS7I

More on solar storms from Bad Astronomy:
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad...._astronomy/2013/02/0
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad...._astronomy/2013/02/2

Anatomy of solar storms: http://www.space.com/12047-sol....ar-flares-sun-storms

All the sun science you've ever wanted:
http://solarcellcentral.com/sun_page.html

Footage via NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, ESA/Hubble, and Pond5

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews

Music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Artwork/photos via Shutterstock

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

One, two… ∞
SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

Would it surprise you to learn that fish and birds count in pretty much the same way that we do? And that infants can do math? Our animal brains deal with quantities in very specific ways, from quick counts of a few dots to how we perceive larger numbers. This "number sense" impacts our psychology, history, and behavior in the most fascinating ways.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-brain-on-nu

-----------

High fives to all our Brain Trust Patrons:

Ed Eyden
Jennifer Burton
Charles Horton, Jr
Holly, Brett, and Ashe Bullion
Jaap Westera
Mehdi Damou
Barbora Bei
Burt Humburg
dani bowman
David Johnston
Baerbel Winkler
Eric Meer
Karen Haskell

Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Is the equinox really when day = night?
Don’t miss our next video! SUBSCRIBE! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

Calculate day length where you live for any date: http://www.timeanddate.com/sun/

Very cool solar angle simulator: http://astro.unl.edu/classacti....on/animations/coords

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
Follow on Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: http://instagram.com/DrJoeHanson

-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.

Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

Thank you to M1 Finance for Supporting PBS. For more information please go to https://m1finance.com/besmart
Take the 2023 PBS Digital Studios audience survey: https://to.pbs.org/pbssurvey2023a1

↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

This is a video about nothing. Hope you learn something!

Sponsor disclaimer:
- All investing involves risk, including the risk of losing the money you invest. Borrowing on margin can add to these risks.
- M1 Borrow available on margin accounts with at least $5,000 invested. Not available for all account types. Rates may vary. Brokerage products and services offered by M1 Finance LLC, an SEC registered broker-dealer and Member FINRA (https://www.finra.org/#/) / SIPC (https://www.sipc.org/).
- Terms and conditions apply http://www.m1finance.com/social-terms/
- All examples shown are for informational purposes and should not be considered an offer to buy or sell certain securities. M1 does not provide investment advice.


-----------

Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:

Barbora Bei
Ken Board
T Clinger
Attila Pix
Burt Humburg
DeliciousKashmiri
Brian Chang
Roy Lasris
dani bowman
David Johnston
Salih Arslan
Baerbel Winkler
Robert Young
Amy Sowada
Eric Meer
Dustin
Karen Haskell
AlecZero

Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
↓ More info and sources below ↓

We’re on PATREON! Join the community ►► https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

A human with the metabolism of a hummingbird would need to eat about 80,000 calories a day to survive. That’s because staying warm by making your own heat takes a ton of energy. And that brings up a paradox, because creating your own body heat is incredibly expensive. The largest animals on Earth have to spend most of their day just eating enough to keep their heat engines running. So why aren’t we cold-blooded… like crocodiles? Here’s the science

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....warm-blooded-referen

-----------

Big Thank you to our Brain Trust Patrons:

AlecZero
Amy Sowada
Andrew Campbell
Baerbel Winkler
Benjamin Teinby
Brian Chang
dani bowman
David Johnston
Dustin
Eric Meer
Javier Soto
Karen Haskell
Marcus Tuepker
Peter Ehrnstrom
Robert Young
Roy Lasris
Salih Arslan
Zenimal


Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

Special offer ONLY HERE 👉 https://www.cyberghostvpn.com/BeSmart
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

This is one of the weirdest mysteries of human evolution: Why do we have grandmas? From menopause to our slow maturation and super-long lifespans, humans are quite unique in the animal kingdom. Could grandma be an evolutionary secret weapon? Or is she just a surprise side effect of living long lives?

Thank you to @MamaDoctorJones Go check out her channel!

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....mystery-menopause-re

-----------

High fives to all our Brain Trust Patrons:

Olivia Ruiz
Mike and Patty Loftis
Ed Eyden
Jennifer Burton
Holly, Brett, and Ashe Bullion
Jaap Westera
Barbora Bei
dani bowman
David Johnston
Baerbel Winkler
Eric Meer
Karen Haskell


Chapters:
0:00 Intro: Humans are weird
0:45 Nature's strangest life cycles
2:25 The whole point of evolution
4:48 The mystery of grandmas (it's menopause)
6:02 Mama Doctor Jones explains the female reproductive system
8:55 Why do humans live so long after reproductive age?
10:46 The Grandmother Hypothesis
12:50 There's just one catch… and a NEW theory!
15:12 Putting it all together
17:00 A word from our sponsor


SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be