Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
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Check out http://youarenotsosmart.com/ for more on cognitive biases
Books by David McRaney: http://amzn.to/1pQqmQh and http://amzn.to/1qrGRpM

Did blowing on NES cartridges actually do anything? http://mentalfloss.com/article..../12589/did-blowing-n
http://gaming.stackexchange.co....m/questions/15044/wh
http://www.digitpress.com/foru....m/showthread.php?117

Mario speedrun video via akyeren: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Boq3ghiTKHA

The Vegetable Lamb of Tartary: http://www.wired.com/2014/04/f....antastically-wrong-v

Mice from dirty laundry and other spontaneous generation: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S....pontaneous_generatio

Here's another video testing the effectiveness of blowing into NES cartridges: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNi4A2KGOfw

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editor and motion graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Video game music:
Rolemusic: Ants
Rolemusic: Bacterial Love
Rolemusic: Ladybug Castle
Rolemusic: Another Beek Beep Beer Please

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

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The book:
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Music:
Monkeys Spinning Monkeys Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
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Check out the FULL video from Smarter Every Day of jellyfish stinging in microscopic slow-motion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7WJCnC5ebf4

Jellyfish are mesmerizing and beautiful and I have no idea how they work. So I went behind the scenes at the Monterey Bay Aquarium with my new friend Tommy to learn all about them. I saw some things…

Why are we in Monterey? PBS and BBC are teaming up to bring you an incredible LIVE nature broadcast direct from Monterey Bay, California called BIG BLUE LIVE. In late summer, thousands and thousands of ocean animals come together here, in one of the richest ecosystems on Earth. We'll be bringing you a week of videos direct from Monterey Bay all about this incredible place and the biology it holds
Big Blue Live airs nightly on PBS 8/31-9/2 at 8 PM ET
Big Blue Live airs on BBC One 8/23 (7PM), 8/27 (8 PM), 8/30 (7 PM)

More info here:
pbs.org/bigbluelive
facebook.com/PBS
facebook.com/BBCBigBlueLive

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(Whale illustrations by Nobu Tamura/CC-BY-3.0)

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

Your now is not your forever (unless you’re a tuatara)
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Special thanks to John Green! And to Amber Faasen and the Dallas Zoo herpetarium team!

During the 2017 Project For Awesome livestream, I promised I’d make a tuatara video if we hit our fundraising goal, and I’m a man of my word! Little did I know I’d get to meet a tuatara and learn things about a 200 million year old branch of life that would blow my mind. Get ready to meet the chillest reptile, weird living fossil, and star of Turtles All The Way Down… the tuatara.

3D tuatara skull animation courtesy of Digimorph: http://www.digimorph.org/

READ MORE:
“Turtles All The Way Down” by John Green: http://amzn.to/2GU2c6J

“Horseshoe Crabs and Velvet Worms: The Story of the Animals and Plants That Time Has Left Behind” by Richard Fortey http://amzn.to/2EpcfT2

Hay, J. M., Subramanian, S., Millar, C. D., Mohandesan, E., & Lambert, D. M. (2008). Rapid molecular evolution in a living fossil. Trends in Genetics, 24(3), 106-109.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
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Creative Director: David Schulte
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“In Our Nature” is a NEW special limited series on It’s Okay To Be Smart!
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Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 1, we travel from Africa’s Serengeti plains to the nearly extinct prairies of the western United States to discover the unexpected species that determine the very existence of these places. Can an ecosystem survive without its keystone species? And can we restore endangered human cultures by bringing back a nearly-extinct ecosystem?

Co-hosted by:
Trace Dominguez @TraceDominguez
Emily Graslie @EmilyGraslie

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....inournature-ep1-refe

In Our Nature is a special miniseries produced by It’s Okay To Be Smart for PBS. Stay tuned for more episodes coming this summer, here on our YouTube channel!

Original Production Funding provided by: Anne Ray Foundation, a Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropy

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Joe went behind the scenes at Monterey Bay Aquarium to meet the Giant Pacific Octopus, a powerful and curious creature that challenges many of our notions of intelligence!
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Read “Soonish” by Kelly and Zach Weinersmith! https://smbc-comics.com/soonish/
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

Try 23andMe at: http://www.23andme.com/okay

Asteroid mining sounds like something out of a bad space movie, but harvesting materials from space rocks might be our ticket to building space colonies or living on Mars. Most of Earth’s precious and rare metals are locked too far in the crust for us to get at them, and launching them to space is too expensive for us to supply large colonies off Earth or explore far off worlds. How do we get our hands on the planetary resources inside asteroids? Let’s find out!

Special thanks to Kelly and Zach Weinersmith for working with us on this video. Check out their new book “Soonish” for a hilarious and science-filled look at future technologies: https://smbc-comics.com/soonish/

SOURCES/EXTRAS:

Badescu, Viorel, ed. Asteroids: Prospective energy and material resources. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.

Crawford, Ian A. "Asteroids in the service of humanity." arXiv preprint arXiv:1306.2678 (2013).

Kleine, Thorsten. "Geoscience: Earth's patchy late veneer." Nature 477.7363 (2011): 168-169.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Dr. Shaena Montanari
Editor/animator: Andrew Orsak
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
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500 years before the Scientific Revolution, the mathematician Al-Hassan Ibn al-Haytham spent hours in a dark room studying the light that filtered in. Not only did he revolutionize how we literally see the world, he pioneered the scientific method that is now the backbone of modern science.

Sources: https://sites.google.com/view/....sci-method-sources/h

0:00 Introduction
0:41 What is a camera obscura?
1:48 The mathematician who tried to dam the Nile
3:08 The origin of optics
3:56 Ancient ways of knowing
6:39 The birth of modern science
7:38 From hypothesis to experiment
8:44 How al-Haytham changed science history
10:13 Conclusion
11:40 Extras!


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A truly X-cellent and X-ceptional video…
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Despite being one of the rarest letters in English, the letter X is everywhere. We sign letters with it, we rate movies with it, we name all sorts of things after it. We’re kind of obsessed with it. And that’s probably all thanks to math, where X stands for the unknown. Let's explore the bizarre history of how X took on this role…

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....why-are-we-so-obsess

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New technology is revolutionizing how we study and protect nature. In this video, we’ll learn how artificial intelligence is being used to decode the sonic landscapes of the ocean - specifically, whale song. That’s right, there may come a day soon where AI allows us to understand and talk to whales. But some scientists are saying: the question may not be CAN we talk to whales, but SHOULD we talk to whales?

Want to learn more? Read "How to Speak Whale" by Tom Mustill: https://www.tommustill.com/how-to-speak-whale

0:00 Intro - What it's like to be a whale
1:44 Ch. 1 - The record that saved Earth's whales from extinction
5:01 Ch. 2 - Can AI help figure out what whale songs mean?
6:39 Ch. 3 - Living in a world of sound (umwelt)
8:25 Ch. 4 - How do whales make sounds, anyway?
10:26 Ch. 5 - We need to talk about the L word
11:51 Ch. 6 - How AI is already changing whale research
13:10 Ch. 7 - Training computers to listen to animals
15:46 Ch. 8 - How can we decode what a whale song means?
17:17 Ch. 9 - Making WhaleGPT is so much harder than we realize
19:48 Ch. 10 - Should we really be doing this?
21:43 Follow me to Planet Wild!

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Note: The thumbnail for this episode includes a picture of Joe Hanson created with a text-to-image generative AI tool

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Counting stars from the shore of the cosmic ocean…
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LIKE THE SHIRT I'M WEARING? It's glow in the dark! You can get it here (along with space undies and other good stuff): https://www.etsy.com/shop/makeitgoodpdx

How many stars are there in the universe? Are there more stars out there than grains of sand on Earth? Thanks to advanced space telescopes, we've been able to peer farther into deep time and the distant universe than we ever thought possible, and we might finally be able to answer these mind-boggling questions
Every star visible from Earth (naked eye): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Star_Catalogue
Number of stars in the universe (estimated): http://www.universetoday.com/1....02630/how-many-stars
Hubble gigapixel image of Andromeda: http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1502a/
Hubble eXtreme Deep Field: http://xdf.ucolick.org/
How big is the sky? http://www.badastronomy.com/bitesize/bigsky.html
How much sand is there on Earth? http://www.hawaii.edu/suremath/jsand.html
What would the cosmic sandbox look like? https://what-if.xkcd.com/83/

Carl Sagan's Cosmos: "The Shore of the Cosmic Ocean": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pa1ImgOcOPM


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!
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-----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
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For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM

Stock images from Shutterstock

-----------------

Last week's video:
What Color Is The Universe https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibVofIHq71s

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

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Every year, hundreds of millions of people voluntarily turn their lives upside down by setting their clocks forward one hour in the spring and back one hour in the autumn on a particular date mandated by the government wherever they happen to live. Daylight saving time is a perfect example of how a few people with the best of intentions can end up annoying millions of the rest of us for the better part of a century. And it’s time we take an honest look at how we got to this place where half the world comes unstuck in time twice a year, and ask if the supposed advantages for springing forward and falling back still hold up! #daylightsavingtime #DST

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....fixing-daylight-savi

My video about the invention of metric system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3eHHwcMVcA

Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:
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You’ve seen it in the comment section before: “Climate change is natural. It’s happened before and it will keep happening”. In reality, comments like these are the newest kind of climate change denial. In this video we’re going to learn about all the reasons that Earth’s climate changes, natural and otherwise, and then how we know that modern climate change can’t be blamed on natural forces. Maybe we can finally put this biggest myth about climate change in the trash.

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You’re alive right now… at least I’m pretty sure you are. But you’re not TOTALLY alive. Bits of you are always breaking down, being thrown out, and being replaced. Even right now, parts of you are dying. Some of your cells even died before you were born. And some will never come back. These are all very strange, mildly uncomfortable things to think about. And what’s even stranger than that is a big fraction of your body is, was, and will never be alive. So how much of you is dead?

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....how-much-of-you-is-a

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Are humans really Earth’s most dominant species? Let’s put all of the planet’s living things on a scale and see what has amassed the most mass. This week we break down the concept of “biomass” to judge Earth’s living things from top to bottom, and see how humans have changed the world.

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References:

Bar-On, Y. M., Phillips, R., & Milo, R. (2018). The biomass distribution on Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201711842.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Why does music give us all the feels?
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Why does music make us feel happy or sad? Or angry or romantic? How can simple sound waves cause so much emotion? I went from my comfy chair to the streets of Austin to investigate how it might be written into our neuroscience and evolution. Modern neuroscience says our brains may be wired to pick certain emotions out of music because they remind us of how people move!

Humans are the only species we know that creates and communicate using music, but it's still unclear how or why we do that, brain-wise. Is it just a lucky side effect of evolution, like Steven Pinker says? Or is it a deeper part of our evolutionary history, as people like Mark Changizi and Daniel Levitin argue?

New evolutionary science says that we may read emotion in music because it relates to how we sense emotion in people's movements. We'll take a trip from Austin to Dartmouth to Cambodia to hear why music makes us feel so many feels. The connections between movement and music go far beyond dance moves!

Mike over at Idea Channel has a different opinion, head on over and check it out: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWWYE4eLEfk

References for this episode: http://dft.ba/-5ECR

Special thanks to Dartmouth's Thalia Wheatley and Beau Sievers, who did the research. You can read more about it here:

http://wheatlab.virb.com/dynamics
http://phenomena.nationalgeogr....aphic.com/2012/12/18

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
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Camouflage is nature’s ultimate game of hide-and-seek, and the secret to winning this game is all in the brain. By studying the masters of disguise, we can see how they trick the brain to make themselves invisible — and what this can teach us about how other animals see and perceive the world

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A solution to the cancer paradox? Cetacean needed!
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Why do whales, elephants, and other large animals not get cancer? Logically, the larger an animal is, and the longer it lives, the more likely it should be to get cancer. But these giants don’t. Why is that? And can the answer help humanity?

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The fastest animal in nature isn't what you think it is. It's way, way smaller than that. Nature's tiniest creatures warp the laws of physics, and they do it in ways that even human engineers would gawk at. Using the power of super slow-motion macro video, let's uncover the biological engineering that lets nature's fastest creatures do their zoomy thing.

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What is this? A forest for ANTS?! Deep Look: https://youtu.be/fguo3HvWjb0
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Special thanks to Dr. Corrie Moreau from The Field Museum for helpful discussions while we were making this episode!

References/Learn More:

Edwards, David P., et al. "A plant needs ants like a dog needs fleas: Myrmelachista schumanni ants gall many tree species to create housing." The American Naturalist 174.5 (2009): 734-740.

Frederickson, Megan E. "Conflict over Reproduction in an Ant‐Plant Symbiosis: Why Allomerus octoarticulatus Ants Sterilize Cordia nodosa Trees." The American Naturalist 173.5 (2009): 675-681.

Frederickson, Megan E., and Deborah M. Gordon. "The intertwined population biology of two Amazonian myrmecophytes and their symbiotic ants." Ecology 90.6 (2009): 1595-1607.

Haddad Junior, Vidal, Luiz Roberto Hernandes Bicudo, and Adílson Fransozo. "The Triplaria tree (Triplaris spp) and Pseudomyrmex ants: a symbiotic relationship with risks of attack for humans." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 42.6 (2009): 727-729

Heil, Martin, et al. "Partner manipulation stabilises a horizontally transmitted mutualism." Ecology letters 17.2 (2014): 185-192.

Hölldobler, Bert, and Edward O. Wilson. The ants. Harvard University Press, 1990.

Sanchez, Adriana, and Edwin Bellota. "Protection against herbivory in the mutualism between Pseudomyrmex dendroicus (Formicidae) and Triplaris americana (Polygonaceae)." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 46 (2015): 71.

Solano, Pascal-Jean, Monique Belin-Depoux, and Alain Dejean. "Formation and structure of food bodies in Cordia nodosa (Boraginaceae)." Comptes rendus biologies 328.7 (2005): 642-647.

Yu, Douglas W., and Naomi E. Pierce. "A castration parasite of an ant–plant mutualism." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 265.1394 (1998): 375-382.

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