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Have you ever looked at the front of a car and seen a face? Or an electrical outlet and seen a face? You definitely have. We all see faces everywhere we look thanks to a fun quirk of the human brain called facial pareidolia. Here's the neuroscience and psychology of how this weird brain phenomenon works!

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....facial-pareidolia-re

0:00 Intro
1:33 What is facial pareidolia?
2:26 How your brain "sees" stuff
4:10 What is a "face" anyway?
5:29 Are we born this way?
7:08 Why recognizing faces is important, according to evolution
9:09 Dog faces, and some closing thoughts
10:05 Support us on Patreon!

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An ode to curiosity... with LEGO!

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My tribute to Curiosity, both the NASA rover and the human desire to discover, featuring words from some of science's greatest minds and LEGO's special edition Mars rover set
SOURCES:

Carl Sagan:
"Cosmos: A Personal Voyage - The Lives of the Stars" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7L6SZPxgNg
"Cosmos: A Personal Voyage - The Backbone of the Night"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeaPIy6eS_g
"Cosmos: A Personal Voyage - The Shores of the Cosmic Ocean" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCxc5w-SfpA

Neil deGrasse Tyson:
"Science is in our DNA" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVrVdtSFK7c
"Cosmos: A SPacetime Odyssey Q&A" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfUuj0YLmMg

Bill Nye:
"The Good Stuff - Bill Nye and the Origin of Everything" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMKTiPUl8E4
"Why We Explore" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVZmL5UARcs
"Bill Nye Debates Ken Ham" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6kgvhG3AkI

Hank Green:
"Curiosity is the Finest Human Quality" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kQ1Po7vzUk

Jane Goodall:
"Sowing the Seeds of Hope" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vibssrQKm60

Richard Feynman:
"Take the World From a Different Point of View" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgJPjG4KJYQ

James Cameron:
"Before Avatar - A Curious Boy (TED2010)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVfd6fg7QsM

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director/Editor
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc
Kate Eads - Associate Producer

Music:
"Evolver" by Jesper Kyd (APM Music Library)

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This is one of the weirdest mysteries of human evolution: Why do we have grandmas? From menopause to our slow maturation and super-long lifespans, humans are quite unique in the animal kingdom. Could grandma be an evolutionary secret weapon? Or is she just a surprise side effect of living long lives?

Thank you to @MamaDoctorJones Go check out her channel!

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....mystery-menopause-re

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Chapters:
0:00 Intro: Humans are weird
0:45 Nature's strangest life cycles
2:25 The whole point of evolution
4:48 The mystery of grandmas (it's menopause)
6:02 Mama Doctor Jones explains the female reproductive system
8:55 Why do humans live so long after reproductive age?
10:46 The Grandmother Hypothesis
12:50 There's just one catch… and a NEW theory!
15:12 Putting it all together
17:00 A word from our sponsor


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Physics Girl explores how We’ll Find the Aliens in Our Solar System!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zfqpYDVhXd8&t=1s

Looking up at the stars makes you wonder: what and who is out there? And why haven’t we seen any other intelligent civilizations given the vast size and age of the universe? They’re complicated questions and although we haven’t met any other space-faring species we do have a way of calculating just how many alien civilizations might be out there as well as some rather frightening ideas as to why we might not have met them.

This video is a bit different from most It's Okay To Be Smart videos. It's part of a new PBS miniseries called STELLAR, done in collaboration with Matt O’Dowd from PBS Space Time and Dianna Cowern from Physics Girl. Over six episodes we travel to telescopes, go inside space research centers, and chat with amazing scientists to bring you the most exciting stories about space.

**I figure out how we took a picture of a Black Hole with a telescope the size of Earth
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUpKta9yfCk&t=237s

**Matt O’Dowd exploring the oldest quasar ever seen at the Gemini Telescope: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqCPnXHKO5c

**Physics Girl visits LIGO to learn about gravitational waves:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtp71NT0GNg

You'll be able to see future episodes on the Physics Girl, Space Time and It’s Okay to be Smart YouTube channels, as well as the PBS Digital Studios Facebook page.

Stellar is a part of the PBS Summer of Space. They'll be lots of awesome space related content all summer long on PBS. See what's happening at https://www.pbs.org/summer-of-space/

#SummerOfSpacePBS #astrophysics #space

Hosted by Joe Hanson
Written by: Joe Hanson, Andrew Kornhaber, Eric Brown
Directed by: Eric Brown and Andrew Kornhaber
Producer: Randa Eid
Director of Photography: Eric Brouse
Sound: Tobi Nova
Production Assistant: Anna Bosketti
Editing: Pavel Ezrohi
Graphics: Murilo Lopes
Assistant Editing: Daniel Sircar
Produced By: Kornhaber Brown

I am an absolute freak for cheese. Next to bread, it might be our oldest biotechnology! Here's some of the science about how it's made and where it comes from.

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Special thanks to Kara Chadbourne from Antonelli's Cheese in Austin, TX!!! She's a cheese genius.

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
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Music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

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A human with the metabolism of a hummingbird would need to eat about 80,000 calories a day to survive. That’s because staying warm by making your own heat takes a ton of energy. And that brings up a paradox, because creating your own body heat is incredibly expensive. The largest animals on Earth have to spend most of their day just eating enough to keep their heat engines running. So why aren’t we cold-blooded… like crocodiles? Here’s the science

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....warm-blooded-referen

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This is a video about nothing. Hope you learn something!

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The science behind Earth's nocturnal light showClick here to SUBSCRIBE, it's FREE! -- http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

Space might seem like an empty place, but the area surrounding Earth is constantly being bombarded by waves of charged particles released by the Sun: The solar wind. Luckily, thanks to Earth's swirling, molten core (and the magnetic field it provides), we are protected from this planet-sterilizing onslaught like an invisible force field
All that science has a beautiful side effect: It makes the auroras! The Northern and Southern lights are the result of the solar wind and its dance with Earth's magnetic field and polar atmosphere. It's Earth's own cosmic light show!

References for this episode: http://dft.ba/-4G6G

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)
Special thanks to Laura Eakins from UT-Austin's Department of Astronomy

Music in this episode:
Gustav Holst: "Neptune, the Mystic," "Mercury, the Winged Messenger"
Johnny Ripper: "Speak"
Misha Nuis: "Ambient"

Clips used in this episode:
"Aurora 2012" by Christian Mülhauser http://vimeo.com/36141149
Gradient Sun by NASA: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUL4JY15jSg
Auroras underfoot by NASA: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WL_-Zz7JDoA
"Temporal Distortion" by Randy Halverson: http://vimeo.com/36684976
"In Plain Sight" by Brad Goldpaint: http://vimeo.com/52347966
Massive Solar Filament Eruption by NASA: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GrnGi-q6iWc
"ISS Stacks" by Christoph Malin: http://vimeo.com/51499009

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Is the equinox really when day = night?
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Calculate day length where you live for any date: http://www.timeanddate.com/sun/

Very cool solar angle simulator: http://astro.unl.edu/classacti....on/animations/coords

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.

Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

One, two… ∞
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Would it surprise you to learn that fish and birds count in pretty much the same way that we do? And that infants can do math? Our animal brains deal with quantities in very specific ways, from quick counts of a few dots to how we perceive larger numbers. This "number sense" impacts our psychology, history, and behavior in the most fascinating ways.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-brain-on-nu

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Ed Eyden
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Holly, Brett, and Ashe Bullion
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Sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, OH MY!

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As massive magnetic fusion reactors go, the sun is pretty awesome.

How a CME forms: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsXqNNQsS7I

More on solar storms from Bad Astronomy:
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad...._astronomy/2013/02/0
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad...._astronomy/2013/02/2

Anatomy of solar storms: http://www.space.com/12047-sol....ar-flares-sun-storms

All the sun science you've ever wanted:
http://solarcellcentral.com/sun_page.html

Footage via NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, ESA/Hubble, and Pond5

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews

Music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Artwork/photos via Shutterstock

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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We're cookin' in the primordial kitchen!
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If the human body could be distilled down into one molecule, what would our chemical formula be? And WHY is it that way? Is that one scene from Full Metal Alchemist even a little bit true?

There's a whole lot of elements on the periodic table, but life depends on relatively few of them in order to build all the things that keep us alive. This week, we'll look at why the chemistry of life is the way it is…

Special thanks to my miniature co-star Jimmy and his mom Kelly Malek!

Full Metal Alchemist ingredients for human body: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2Oiy3Z2m0c

All the elements in the human body: http://web2.airmail.net/uthman..../elements_of_body.ht

Could non-carbon-based life forms exist? http://www.reddit.com/r/asksci....ence/comments/2v5vij

The chemistry of life: http://www.livescience.com/350....5-chemistry-life-hum

The elemental difference between life and the ocean: http://www.mso.anu.edu.au/~cha....rley/papers/ChopraLi

We're born wet, and then we dry out: http://www.npr.org/blogs/krulw....ich/2013/11/25/24721
http://water.usgs.gov/edu/propertyyou.html

Market price of elements: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P....rices_of_elements_an


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!
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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
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Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
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John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks

-----------------

Last week's video:
%$?# Allergies! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqrnShjM4II

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Try Audible today: http://www.audible.com/ok
“I Contain Multitudes” by Ed Yong http://amzn.to/2aE5rlf
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Get yourself an awesome IOTBS shirt! http://dftba.com/besmart

Learn more/references:
Fujimura, Kei E., et al. "House dust exposure mediates gut microbiome Lactobacillus enrichment and airway immune defense against allergens and virus infection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.2 (2014): 805-810.

Strachan, David P. "Family size, infection and atopy: the first decade of the 'hygiene hypothesis'." Thorax 55.Suppl 1 (2000): S2.

Gerrard, J. W., et al. "Serum IgE levels in white and metis communities in Saskatchewan." Annals of allergy 37.2 (1976): 91-100.

Kuleshov, Volodymyr, et al. "Synthetic long-read sequencing reveals intraspecies diversity in the human microbiome." Nature biotechnology 34.1 (2016): 64-69.

Li, Junhua, et al. "An integrated catalog of reference genes in the human gut microbiome." Nature biotechnology 32.8 (2014): 834-841.

Elahi, Shokrollah, et al. "Immunosuppressive CD71+ erythroid cells compromise neonatal host defence against infection." Nature 504.7478 (2013): 158-162.

Gibbons, Deena, et al. "Interleukin-8 (CXCL8) production is a signatory T cell effector function of human newborn infants." Nature medicine 20.10 (2014): 1206-1210.

German, J., et al. "Human milk oligosaccharides: evolution, structures and bioselectivity as substrates for intestinal bacteria." Personalized Nutrition for the Diverse Needs of Infants and Children. Vol. 62. Karger Publishers, 2008. 205-222.

Sela, D. A., et al. "The genome sequence of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis reveals adaptations for milk utilization within the infant microbiome."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105.48 (2008): 18964-18969.

C-section statitics: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/s....ocial-issues-migrati

Kroiss, Johannes, et al. "Symbiotic streptomycetes provide antibiotic combination prophylaxis for wasp offspring." Nature Chemical Biology 6.4 (2010): 261-263.

Zaneveld, Jesse, et al. "Host-bacterial coevolution and the search for new drug targets." Current opinion in chemical biology 12.1 (2008): 109-114.



----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Having bones is pretty cool. They make our blood, let us hear, and keep us from being just a squishy puddle on the floor. But for every species with bones, there are at least 20 species on Earth with exoskeletons instead. And those exoskeleton animals are incredibly tough and strong. So why don’t WE have our skeletons on the outside? This is the story of bones!

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....why-our-skeletons-on

Special thanks for research assistance:
Riley Black

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Coin tosses aren't truly random. Lava lamps help secure the internet. And quantum physics might break encryption—or save it. This video is what randomness really means, and why your digital life depends on it!

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....lava-lamps-randomnes

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Another YouTube #shorts from Dr. Joe! Subscribe for more fun science stories.

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Movies. Video games. YouTube videos. All of them work because we accidentally figured out a way to fool your brain’s visual processing system, and you don’t even know it’s happening. In this video, I talk to neuroscientist David Eagleman about the secret illusions that make the moving picture possible.

Thank you to The Slow-Mo Guys for sharing some incredible footage with us. Here are the full videos:
https://youtu.be/3BJU2drrtCM
https://youtu.be/omuRkUFnnv4
https://youtu.be/eJVpYL44jUQ

References and sources:
https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-illusion-of

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This is the first-ever video of what we’re calling the "hermit crab caterpillar"! We’re pretty sure this strange caterpillar is a NEW SPECIES. We went to the Peruvian Amazon to see amazing things, but we never expected this :)
But that makes me wonder: What *is* a species anyway? And how do you know if you’ve found a new species?

These people helped make this episode happen:
Aaron Pomerantz https://www.instagram.com/nextgenscientist/
Daniel Couceiro: https://www.instagram.com/danicouceiro21/
Ryan St. Laurent - Florida Museum of Natural History
Dr. Andy Warren - Florida Museum of Natural History
Dr. Daniel Janzen - University of Pennsylvania

Special thanks to our hosts Rainforest Expeditions: http://www.perunature.com/

LEARN MORE:

Mayden, R. L. (1997). A hierarchy of species concepts: the denouement in the saga of the species problem. In M. F. Claridge, H. A. Dawah & M. R. Wilson (eds.), Species: The units of diversity,. Chapman & Hall. pp. 381–423.

Sutton, G., & Dickson, G. (1965). Interbreeding of the Eastern and Western Meadowlarks in Central Oklahoma. The Southwestern Naturalist, 10(4), 307-310. doi:10.2307/3669307

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
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As the Earth warms due to human-caused climate change, billions of people in the developing world will face life-threatening heat waves, raising the demand for air conditioning. But powering all of that cooling is going to take more energy, which will require burning more fossil fuels! Are there new air conditioning technologies on the horizon that could solve this paradox?

NOTE: A previous version of this video had a graph at 6:19 with incorrect values. The video has been updated with the correct graph.

Aerial photography by Jeff Arnold
Written by Eli Kintisch and Joe Hanson

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The oldest rocks on Earth are more than just ancient—they’re time machines, holding clues to Earth’s missing history and revealing what happened in the unknown times after the Big Bang. We’ll work with our Adam and Joss from Howtown to learn more and visit our friends at The Smithsonian to examine some of these beyond-ancient rocks ourselves.

Thank you to geochronologists Mike Ackerson and Jesse Reimink for helpful background discussions

Thank you to @Howtown Go check out our collab over on their channel!

0:00 Holding the oldest rocks ever
0:56 The geologic calendar
3:06 Zircon - the Time Lord
4:58 The Oldest Thing on Earth
5:54 Where to find very very very old rocks
9:03 Gneiss guys finish first
10:50 How do we know how old these rocks are?
13:50 A new picture of the early Earth
16:30 Follow me to Howtown!

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