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Everyone lies. Even you and even me. We lie about small things and we lie about big things. We lie to help ourselves and we lie to protect others. Powerful people lie, all the way down to little kids telling fibs. Why do we do this if we’re supposed to be the most socially developed species on Earth? Why can’t we tell the truth? Are we doomed to lie? Well, maybe. Here’s why.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....whydowelie-reference

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...or why do we live on an onion made of magma?

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Thanks to Miles Traer and Mike Osborne for geophysics help on this one!

Why does Earth have a liquid core, and how do we know?
http://scienceblogs.com/starts....withabang/2011/09/28

How many pennies would you have to stack to melt the one on the bottom? http://www.reddit.com/r/asksci....ence/comments/2g8jj9

Why are the inner planets rocky and the outer ones are gas giants?
http://www.quora.com/Why-are-t....he-inner-planets-roc

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

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Ready to untangle the branches of the human family tree?
Part 1 of our special series on Human Ancestry. Watch it all: http://bit.ly/OKTBSHuman
↓↓↓More info and sources below ↓↓↓

In part 1 of our special series on human ancestry, we tour through our family tree to meet our ancestors and distant cousins, and to find out what made us human along the way.
The story of human ancestry is not a simple progression from primitive apes to us, with all the ape/human intermediates in between. The real human story is much richer and more complex, full of branches, gaps, and shadowy parts. A century and a half of fossil finds tells us perhaps two dozen human species lived on Earth between now and the time when our ancestors split from chimpanzee ancestors. The new era of DNA and genetics is upending that story yet again.

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REFERENCES:

Stringer, Chris. “Lone survivors: How we came to be the only humans on earth.” Macmillan, 2012. http://amzn.to/2oIFg3q (Library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855581724)

Stringer, Chris, and Peter Andrews. “The complete world of human evolution.” London: Thames & Hudson, 2005. http://amzn.to/2opOrlN (Library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953422224)

Tattersall, Ian. “Masters of the planet: the search for our human origins.” Macmillan, 2012. http://amzn.to/2pOZrKS (Library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/733231407)

Walter, Chip. “Last ape standing: the seven-million-year story of how and why we survived.” Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2013. http://amzn.to/2pP2liy (Library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/872121723)

“Evolution: The Human Saga.” Scientific American 311.3 (2014): 4-100.

Strait, David, Frederick E. Grine, and John G. Fleagle. "Analyzing Hominin Hominin Phylogeny: Cladistic Approach." Handbook of paleoanthropology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. 1989-2014.

Wood, Bernard, and Eve K Boyle. "Hominin taxic diversity: Fact or fantasy?." American journal of physical anthropology 159.S61 (2016): S37-S78.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Precious metals like gold, silver, platinum, and rhodium are expensive because they're rare in Earth's crust. But are they rare in the universe? Why is it so hard to make some of the chemical elements? Where do heavy metals come from, anyway? Turns out, we can blame it all on neutron stars and some oddities of the periodic table.

Thank you to the following for helpful discussions:
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Dr. Hendrik Schatz - JINA Center for the Evolution of the Elements

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....catalytic-converter-

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We know pollution is a problem on earth, but we’re filling space with our junk too. And if we don’t figure out a way to clean up space junk, we could end our interstellar dreams before they even get started. Today, we’re visiting some cool engineers in Switzerland to learn about the space junk problem and the giant space claw that might be the perfect solution.

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Filmed at ClearSpace - Lausanne, Canton Vaud, Switzerland

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Another YouTube #shorts from Dr. Joe! Subscribe for more fun science stories.

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The James Webb Telescope just took a photo of a newly discovered exoplanet. Exciting stuff but the raw image just looks like a small, faint dot—not a fully detailed world. The question is, just how big would a telescope need to be to actually see an alien world in detail? Let’s explore diffraction, resolution, wild telescope tech, and one mind-blowing idea that could change everything.

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Check out @crashcourse Botany! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2th5lAd-77A
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Does any other creature on Earth undergo a life transformation as dramatic as the butterfly? I think not. Unfortunately, children's books about very hungry caterpillars skip all the COOL and WEIRD and GROSS stuff that happens along the way. It's time to dig into all the mind-blowing biology behind metamorphosis!

Filmed on location at the California Academy of Sciences

0:00 We were lied to as kids
1:48 Metamorphosis is more common than you think
3:36 It starts with an egg
4:46 Eat/Poop/Grow
6:05 Busting the biggest butterfly myth of all
7:23 Time to take your skin off
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11:08 Metamorphosis,… metamorphosis everywhere
11:55 Why do butterflies do this?
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Did you know some people 'see' letters in color or 'taste' music? In this video, we’ll talk about synesthesia, how it works in the brain, and why some people experience these fascinating sensory connections while most of us don’t.

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One day around 15,000 years ago, a wall of ice 2,000 feet tall and 30 miles wide suddenly broke wide open, and it unleashed the largest flood that we know of in the history of Earth. Come and hit the road with me as we search for the geologic fingerprints of the Missoula Ice Age Floods, and learn the story of one of the worst natural disasters that’s ever happened!

High fives to Nick Zentner for educating me on the geology of Eastern Washington. He makes incredible geology videos on YouTUbe:
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHaL04gZQwc&list=PL18y1vgsGPLbl3wrSZwUyvkAiUJHZTS5Y

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00:00 Introduction
00:54 A geologic mystery
01:53 A very large lake
03:32 A mountain made of ice
05:15 The dam breaks
06:25 Biggest. Waterfall. Ever.
07:57 How the damage was done
10:10 Witnesses to destruction
10:49 A brave new idea
12:00 Stay curious.

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Humanity’s drive to explore our planet is one of the defining characteristics of our species. But exploration only works if you know where you are at any given time. Not so easy when you are out at sea with no visible landmarks and the stars above you are in constant motion. It turns out that the key to solving this puzzle is understanding that in order to know WHERE you are, you have to first know WHEN you are.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....longitude-references

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Seedless fruits are delicious, convenient… and completely unnatural. In this video, we explore the science, history, and hidden risks behind seedless bananas, watermelons, and grapes — and why they literally can’t survive without us.

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At CERN, physicists are searching for answers to some of the biggest questions ever — like how the universe started and where everything comes from. To get one step closer to an answer, CERN scientists recreated the first moment after the Big Bang… making extreme temperatures that hadn’t existed anywhere in the universe in 13.8 billion years. Join us to see how they did it.

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Scorpions have been terrorizing other creatures on Earth for hundreds of millions of years. They’ve evolved a perfect cocktail of venom that can mess up both predators and prey. But they are also an evolutionary marvel that could show us the way to some powerful new life-saving medicines.

Filmed at the California Academy of Sciences @calacademy https://www.calacademy.org/

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Thank you to Storyblocks for supporting PBS! To learn more about Storyblocks's unlimited stock media library at one set price, go to: http://storyblocks.com/BeSmart
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Ever wonder why certain sounds make us cringe or even feel sick? Join me as I react to some of the most universally hated sounds, from nails on a chalkboard to the infamous word "moist," and we explore the science of why these sounds are so unbearable to so many and how they can impact our lives.

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If you were taking an engineering class in school and you turned in the human body for your final exam… you would get like, a C+. Or maybe a B- at best. That’s because the human body is full of design flaws. Except they aren’t really design flaws, because the human body wasn’t designed. It was evolved, and it is still evolving. And that means some of our parts don’t work as well as they could, they just work well enough. Here’s a rundown of a few of the human body’s biggest evolutionary fails!

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Wake me up when spring is here
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Nature has had to come up with some crazy ways to survive harsh winters. But none are weirder than hibernation. Turns out there is more than one kind of hibernation, and studying all these ways that life slows down in the cold might help humans one day become an interplanetary species.

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The sticky physics that let geckos do what they do!
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Geckos can grip and climb almost anything. Walking up walls, hanging upside down… even from glass. It’s almost like they can defy gravity. How do they do it? The secret lies in nanotechnology. I’ll tell you how that works and how scientists are using this incredible gripping ability to inspire next-generation adhesives. Here's the secret behind a gecko's gravity defying grip.

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In the race to survive, both predators and prey use visual tricks to get ahead. One nearly universal trick is countershading, a color pattern that helps animals erase their own shadows or blend into different backgrounds. It’s worked well enough that nature has produced this pattern over and over again, all over Earth, for at least tens of millions of years.

0:00 Why does every animal look like this?
0:52 A painter's big idea
1:49 Disappearing shadows
2:22 Testing the idea
3:48 Countershading everywhere!
6:10 What about water?
7:22 Making light to hide shadows
8:19 Outro

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....countershading-refer

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Dustin
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We all know Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, right? Natural selection? But what about his lesser-know theory of evolution: sexual selection. Let’s talk about how animals like peacocks, whose eye-catching physical traits make them evolutionarily stronger even though their flashy looks make them more vulnerable to predators. Hint: it’s all about the chemistry.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....sexual-selection-sou

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