Automation in the Information Age is different.

Books we used for this video:

The Rise of the Robots: http://amzn.to/2sFQTed

The Second Machine Age: http://amzn.to/2szATee

Study about job automation in the next two decades:
http://bit.ly/1mj2qSJ

OUR CHANNELS
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
German Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeDE
Spanish Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeES


HOW CAN YOU SUPPORT US?
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
This is how we make our living and it would be a pleasure if you support us!

Get Merch designed with ❤ from https://kgs.link/shop
Join the Patreon Bird Army 🐧 https://kgs.link/patreon


DISCUSSIONS & SOCIAL MEDIA
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Reddit: https://kgs.link/reddit
Instagram: https://kgs.link/instagram
Twitter: https://kgs.link/twitter
Facebook: https://kgs.link/facebook
Discord: https://kgs.link/discord
Newsletter: https://kgs.link/newsletter


OUR VOICE
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
The Kurzgesagt voice is from
Steve Taylor: https://kgs.link/youtube-voice


OUR MUSIC ♬♪
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
700+ minutes of Kurzgesagt Soundtracks by Epic Mountain:

Spotify: https://kgs.link/music-spotify
Soundcloud: https://kgs.link/music-soundcloud
Bandcamp: https://kgs.link/music-bandcamp
Youtube: https://kgs.link/music-youtube
Facebook: https://kgs.link/music-facebook

The Soundtrack of this video:

Soundcloud: http://bit.ly/2sfwlJf
Bandcamp: http://bit.ly/2r17DNc
Facebook: http://bit.ly/2qW6bY4


🐦🐧🐤 PATREON BIRD ARMY 🐤🐧🐦
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Many Thanks to our wonderful Patreons from http://kgs.link/patreon who support us every month and made this video possible:

Brandon Eversole, Andrew Anglehart, Christian Ahlin, Kathleen Woolum, Estel Anahmias, Adam Schlender, Mike Luque, Encyclo, Stevie Taylor, Brent Yoder, Invisibleman, Jeff Lam, Christopher Hayes, Oliver Walker, gwendolyn bellermann, Matt Logan, Philip Chou, Brandon Young, Arlo Stewart, Thomas Hodnemyr, Viachaslau Hurmanau, Sam Cousins, Robin Hultgren, Jose Schroeder, Ched, Claustrophobya, Charles Wang, Dolan Dark, Casaro, Donglin Li, Sarah Thompson, Pamela Palmer, Fergal Harrington, Jonas Erath, Spencer, Zsuzsi Balai, Tyler Roberts, Allyssa Blalock, Robert Bishop, Carl-Johan Linde, Thomas Nielsen, Heather Pray, Marco Boneberger, Mehsotopes, Joe Johnston, ugo dubois, Keagan Boys, Miles Gard, Frantisek Sumsala, Scott, Tobias Theobald, Solar3ty Games, Nicholas Carr, K41N_of_2358, Daniel RodrÌguez, Pixlpit, Gytis Kirvela, Thomas Flanigan, Dwagon, Costin Graur, Mavis Everett, Kwiatkowski Robert, Huo Benpeng, Dan Gretton, Joshua Davison, Bryce Comp, Andrey Lipattsev, DEFECT DAVIS, Gurleen Saini, Andrew "FastLizard4" Adams, Isak Hietala, Leon Han, Sarah Johnson, Kieran Chakravorty, Hanna Khoury, Kimberly Martin, Jon Glass, Julius Wroblewski, Ben Zautner, Kester Falge, Juan Florez, Tad Moore

Help us caption & translate this video!

http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?c=UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q&tab=2

The Rise of the Machines – Why Automation is Different This time

Black holes. Lets talk about them.


OUR CHANNELS
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
German Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeDE
Spanish Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeES


HOW CAN YOU SUPPORT US?
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
This is how we make our living and it would be a pleasure if you support us!

Get Merch designed with ❤ from https://kgs.link/shop
Join the Patreon Bird Army 🐧 https://kgs.link/patreon


DISCUSSIONS & SOCIAL MEDIA
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Reddit: https://kgs.link/reddit
Instagram: https://kgs.link/instagram
Twitter: https://kgs.link/twitter
Facebook: https://kgs.link/facebook
Discord: https://kgs.link/discord
Newsletter: https://kgs.link/newsletter


OUR VOICE
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
The Kurzgesagt voice is from
Steve Taylor: https://kgs.link/youtube-voice


OUR MUSIC ♬♪
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
700+ minutes of Kurzgesagt Soundtracks by Epic Mountain:

Spotify: https://kgs.link/music-spotify
Soundcloud: https://kgs.link/music-soundcloud
Bandcamp: https://kgs.link/music-bandcamp
Youtube: https://kgs.link/music-youtube
Facebook: https://kgs.link/music-facebook

The Soundtrack of this video:

https://soundcloud.com/epicmountain/black-holes
https://epicmountainmusic.band....camp.com/track/black
http://epic-mountain.com

Help us caption & translate this video!

http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?c=UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q&tab=2

Get Merch designed with ❤ from https://kgs.link/shop-131
Join the Patreon Bird Army 🐧 https://kgs.link/patreon
▼▼ More infos and links are just a click away ▼▼

For the fifth time, we present to you the Human Era Calendar for the year 12,021 – this time it is all about the journey of humanity, beginning tens of thousands of years ago, leading into the revolution of agriculture, to ancient high civilizations and the beginning of modern times, culminating in a vision for our future. You can get the limited Edition now until we sell out and then never again. As always the calendar features 12 illustrated pages printed on high quality paper in Europe and the US. And this year the cover is especially shiny. The calendar will look great on your wall and let you dream about a glorious future. We truly have come far as a species! 

Sources & further reading:
https://sites.google.com/view/....sourceswhentimebecam

OUR CHANNELS
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
German Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeDE
Spanish Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeES


HOW CAN YOU SUPPORT US?
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
This is how we make our living and it would be a pleasure if you support us!

Get Merch designed with ❤ from https://kgs.link/shop-131
Join the Patreon Bird Army 🐧 https://kgs.link/patreon


DISCUSSIONS & SOCIAL MEDIA
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Reddit: https://kgs.link/reddit
Instagram: https://kgs.link/instagram
Twitter: https://kgs.link/twitter
Facebook: https://kgs.link/facebook
Discord: https://kgs.link/discord
Newsletter: https://kgs.link/newsletter


OUR VOICE
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
The Kurzgesagt voice is from
Steve Taylor: https://kgs.link/youtube-voice


OUR MUSIC ♬♪
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
700+ minutes of Kurzgesagt Soundtracks by Epic Mountain:

Spotify: https://kgs.link/music-spotify
Soundcloud: https://kgs.link/music-soundcloud
Bandcamp: https://kgs.link/music-bandcamp
Youtube: https://kgs.link/music-youtube
Facebook: https://kgs.link/music-facebook

The Soundtrack of this video:

Soundcloud: https://bit.ly/30ADQdM
Bandcamp: https://bit.ly/3d0n6lk


🐦🐧🐤 PATREON BIRD ARMY 🐤🐧🐦
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Many Thanks to our wonderful Patreons from http://kgs.link/patreon who support us every month and made this video possible:

Keanu Vestil, Xavier, Antonio Tavano, Scott James, Camfifty5, Michael, Paul Barth, Christian Puelacher, Katie Barton, Cole Bowden, Andreas Rautner, Sovos, Alejandro Uresti, couchy, Bill Hochberg, John Specht, Lander Verhack, Vlad Mustiață, Oliver Kurtz, Mischa Blazer, Josh Yelavich, Islam Mohamed, Robrecht Cannoodt, Kirsty, Greenleaves, Jayson Lamanca, Nithin Thaha, Tristan Jackson, Even_skjeih, Mo Alawami, Jonas Brandão, Lily McAdams, Alejandro Rodriguez, Isaac Overmyer, Cooper Norton, Biblion, Stephen Zappia, Bodo Nuber, Samhain, Kyle Goff, jota jodra, Marc Bornträger, Filip Leszczyński, Влад Кальченко, NexusValhalla, Aleksandar Zivancevic, Silas Zander, Tijn Flinterman, Shrutika Umralkar, Or Bairey-Sehayek, Terri-Ann dela Cruz, Choltikan Phothong, Collin Carey, Champ, Marcela Oliveira, rbtpzk, Jamie Grall, LAI Oscar, Ralf P., Kuba, Ryan Giles, JoghurtWiesel, Timster Ruu, John Highet, Walmyr Carvalho, Perry Williams, Aldo Vicente, Peter Paj, Vanny Khon, Olga, Theeraphong Gasparini, destroymyarrogance, Martin Pietrowski, Josip Haramija, Champ, Carlos, Davi & Nicholas

Humans. We have been around for a while now. When we think about our past we think about ancient civilizations, the pyramids, stuff like that. But this is only a tiny, tiny part of our history.


OUR CHANNELS
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
German Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeDE
Spanish Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeES


HOW CAN YOU SUPPORT US?
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
This is how we make our living and it would be a pleasure if you support us!

Get Merch designed with ❤ from https://kgs.link/shop
Join the Patreon Bird Army 🐧 https://kgs.link/patreon


DISCUSSIONS & SOCIAL MEDIA
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Reddit: https://kgs.link/reddit
Instagram: https://kgs.link/instagram
Twitter: https://kgs.link/twitter
Facebook: https://kgs.link/facebook
Discord: https://kgs.link/discord
Newsletter: https://kgs.link/newsletter


OUR VOICE
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
The Kurzgesagt voice is from
Steve Taylor: https://kgs.link/youtube-voice


OUR MUSIC ♬♪
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
700+ minutes of Kurzgesagt Soundtracks by Epic Mountain:

Spotify: https://kgs.link/music-spotify
Soundcloud: https://kgs.link/music-soundcloud
Bandcamp: https://kgs.link/music-bandcamp
Youtube: https://kgs.link/music-youtube
Facebook: https://kgs.link/music-facebook

The Soundtrack of this video:

Soundcloud: http://bit.ly/28Ze6Ni
Bandcamp: http://bit.ly/28NPJSb


🐦🐧🐤 PATREON BIRD ARMY 🐤🐧🐦
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Many Thanks to our wonderful Patreons from http://kgs.link/patreon who support us every month and made this video possible:

William Kerr, Sean Beier, Donal Botkin, Hugo NAJBERG, Harley Faggetter, robert walsh, Amir Shahar, Corey Hinds, Vegard Bellika, Dasha, Charles LaVene, Wesley Kleeman, jeremy avnet, Zachary Dickson, Timothy Basanov, Richard Stambaugh, Hamish Wilson, John Smith, Tyler Lainer, Yalın Günayer, Drew DeVault, Nicholas Bethencourt, Mike Wiley, Stefan Schnitzer, Brian Coule, John Markus, Sergey Sirotenko, Alex Howe, Angel Ivan Luna Parra, Liam Wade, Hannah Montovani, Noah Harris, David Durant, Hans-Jörg Peter, Daniel McCartney, Marcus Lee, Martin Atanasov, Plyrde Rayos, Emin Arslan ,Sam, Adam, TheVerySeriousLewis, Sam, Shermaine Chew, Sathepine, Manraj Dhaliwal, César Mendonça, Corne Kruger, Andrew Peachey, Thomas, Müller, Daniel, Forssten, Matthew Tse, Matthias S., Azila Azman, Fras Samarit, Jake Wood


What Happened Before History? Human Origins

Help us caption & translate this video!

http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?c=UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q&tab=2

Sources & further reading:
https://sites.google.com/view/....sources-supernovadea

Supernovae are the most powerful explosions in the universe, unleashing enough energy to outshine galaxies. We have no real metaphor for their power – if the sun were to magically go supernova it would feel like you were being hit by the energy of a nuclear explosion, every second. For weeks.
While supernovae are the engines of creation, forging the elements that enable life, they also burn sterile whole regions of galaxies. So what would happen if one hit earth?

OUR CHANNELS
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
German: https://kgs.link/youtubeDE
Spanish: https://kgs.link/youtubeES
French: https://kgs.link/youtubeFR
Portuguese: https://kgs.link/youtubePT
Arabic: https://kgs.link/youtubeAR
Hindi: https://kgs.link/youtubeHI
Japanese: https://kgs.link/youtubeJA
Korean: https://kgs.link/youtubeKO


HOW CAN YOU SUPPORT US?
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
This is how we make our living and it would be a pleasure if you support us!

Get Prodcuts designed with ❤ https://kgs.link/shop-170
Join the Patreon Bird Army 🐧 https://kgs.link/patreon


DISCUSSIONS & SOCIAL MEDIA
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
TikTok: https://kgs.link/tiktok
Reddit: https://kgs.link/reddit
Instagram: https://kgs.link/instagram
Twitter: https://kgs.link/twitter
Facebook: https://kgs.link/facebook
Discord: https://kgs.link/discord
Newsletter: https://kgs.link/newsletter


OUR VOICE
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
The Kurzgesagt voice is from
Steve Taylor: https://kgs.link/youtube-voice


OUR MUSIC ♬♪
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
700+ minutes of Kurzgesagt Soundtracks by Epic Mountain:

Spotify: https://kgs.link/music-spotify
Soundcloud: https://kgs.link/music-soundcloud
Bandcamp: https://kgs.link/music-bandcamp
Youtube: https://kgs.link/music-youtube
Facebook: https://kgs.link/music-facebook

The Soundtrack of this video:
Soundcloud: https://bit.ly/3i9jQL7
Bandcamp: http://bit.ly/3U4YfR4

If you want to help us caption this video, please send subtitles to subtitle@kurzgesagt.org
You can find info on what subtitle files work on YouTube here:
https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2734698?hl=en-GB&ref_topic=7296214
Thank you!

🐦🐧🐤 PATREON BIRD ARMY 🐤🐧🐦
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Many Thanks to our wonderful Patreons (from http://kgs.link/patreon) who support us every month and made this video possible:
Ivo Casant, 서현지, Terrence Hamm, Caitlyn, Saeris Sanoora, k-gregory, ADesertCottontail, Tiffany Cale, Ian Pendleton, Samuel Ginty, Catriona Mullan, 범석 고, Alexander Stadnyk, Andrei Albu, Tk AH, Sherry Schuderer, Florian Haydn, jack ruppel, James B, oshra duek, Lorraine Inez Lil, Vinicius Krischke, Josh Evans, Yuri Ibraev, เมธาสิทธิ์ มงคลปัญญาเลิศ, Peter G, T G , Patches, Alice Archer, Paul Faber, Donivan, Call, Antzela Giovani, Mischa Hamby

Getting something from the kurzgesagt shop is the best way to support us and to keep our videos free for everyone. ►► https://kgs.link/shop-159
(Worldwide Shipping Available)

Sources & further reading:
https://sites.google.com/view/....sources-can-we-fix-c

Visit https://brilliant.org/nutshell/ to get started learning STEM for free, and the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium subscription.

Our home is burning. Rapid climate change is destabilizing our world. It seems our emissions will not fall quickly enough to avoid runaway warming and we may soon hit tipping points that will lead to the collapse of ecosystems and our civilization.

While scientists, activists and much of the younger generation urge action, it appears most politicians are not committed to do anything meaningful while the fossil fuel industry still works actively against change. It seems humanity can’t overcome its greed and obsession with short term profit and personal gain to save itself.

And so for many the future looks grim and hopeless. Young people feel particularly anxious and depressed. Instead of looking ahead to a lifetime of opportunity they wonder if they will even have a future or if they should bring kids into this world. It’s an age of doom and hopelessness and giving up seems the only sensible thing to do.

But that’s not true. You are not doomed. Humanity is not doomed.


OUR CHANNELS
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
German Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeDE
Spanish Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeES


HOW CAN YOU SUPPORT US?
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
This is how we make our living and it would be a pleasure if you support us!

Get Merch designed with ❤ https://kgs.link/shop
Join the Patreon Bird Army 🐧 https://kgs.link/patreon


DISCUSSIONS & SOCIAL MEDIA
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Reddit: https://kgs.link/reddit
Instagram: https://kgs.link/instagram
Twitter: https://kgs.link/twitter
Facebook: https://kgs.link/facebook
Discord: https://kgs.link/discord
Newsletter: https://kgs.link/newsletter


OUR VOICE
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
The Kurzgesagt voice is from
Steve Taylor: https://kgs.link/youtube-voice


OUR MUSIC ♬♪
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
700+ minutes of Kurzgesagt Soundtracks by Epic Mountain:

Spotify: https://kgs.link/music-spotify
Soundcloud: https://kgs.link/music-soundcloud
Bandcamp: https://kgs.link/music-bandcamp
Youtube: https://kgs.link/music-youtube
Facebook: https://kgs.link/music-facebook

The Soundtrack of this video:
Soundcloud: https://bit.ly/3v0ZGWu
Bandcamp: https://bit.ly/3r4qF29

If you want to help us caption this video, please send subtitles to subtitle@kurzgesagt.org
You can find info on what subtitle files work on YouTube here:
https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2734698?hl=en-GB&ref_topic=7296214
Thank you!

🐦🐧🐤 PATREON BIRD ARMY 🐤🐧🐦
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Many Thanks to our wonderful Patreons (from http://kgs.link/patreon) who support us every month and made this video possible:
Markus Schaidinger, nanowashere x, Nicholas Bales, Alexis St-Laurent, Roberto, Patrick Rathke, ThatTubaGuy, Michael Henry, Colin Stephens, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Renen Adar, Kurt Steinkraus, erikfahr, Neo Architects, Sanne van Herwijnen, Alex Schumacher, Matt Gutberlet, Jose Barrera, Glenn Hall, Steven Dawson, Vengarth, Michael Patton, ggroggs, Gabriele Vissio, Wilee, Bernt Sietsma, Teddy Toussaint, Kisay, Jayce Collins, leandro, Cassandra Riling, Spencer Czapiewski, su4ns3t, Nicha Traipipattanapong, Eigenverse, Mikakohanpepperoni, Bonku BRB, Swagner, David Wagner, Random Dev, Litten, Luke Felix-Rose, Gabriel Steel, Chlorissa Pecha, Anatidae, freakazoid, Ayrton Aquiles Mera Concha, Christoph Stock, Bruce Kneale, ShakyHades ., Alexandre Paques, Sieghard Hillbrecht, Matthieu Heras, Victoria Morgan, Aubrey T, Wyvern, NDRS, Y.Tamino, Dan Walker, Bruce A Johnson, Luke Elasky, VictorHuerta, KeyarK, Patron12, Nail Saberov, Devon Charlton, Sara & Son, Porus, Julija Besciokova, Cathy Wu, Nikita Kozlov, Kira Kuhne, David Noack, Alex Suarez Mendez, DerRobot, Rimuru Tempest, Terell Seitz, Benjamin Duggan, Martyn Warry, John Doe, William Sallembien, Gabriele Quida, Skyler Foster, Ant Corke, Nicolas, Nuttakan Chuntra, Brin, Tactical Bagels, Nathan Zubrzycki, hollowjackals, Joshua Stringham, Anveio, Carla, Ethan Ogiba, Alin Nica, David Richard Bakken, DrummerGeek

Get Merch designed with ❤ from https://kgs.link/shop-125
Join the Patreon Bird Army 🐧 https://kgs.link/patreon
▼▼ More infos and links are just a click away ▼▼

This video was made possible by a grant from the Templeton World Charity Foundation.

Sources & further reading:
https://sites.google.com/view/sourcesintelligence

Humans are proud of a lot of things, from particle accelerators, to poetry to pokemon. All of them made possible because of something humans value extremely highly: intelligence.


OUR CHANNELS
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
German Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeDE
Spanish Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeES


HOW CAN YOU SUPPORT US?
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
This is how we make our living and it would be a pleasure if you support us!

Get Merch designed with ❤ from https://kgs.link/shop-125
Join the Patreon Bird Army 🐧 https://kgs.link/patreon


DISCUSSIONS & SOCIAL MEDIA
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Reddit: https://kgs.link/reddit
Instagram: https://kgs.link/instagram
Twitter: https://kgs.link/twitter
Facebook: https://kgs.link/facebook
Discord: https://kgs.link/discord
Newsletter: https://kgs.link/newsletter


OUR VOICE
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
The Kurzgesagt voice is from
Steve Taylor: https://kgs.link/youtube-voice


OUR MUSIC ♬♪
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
700+ minutes of Kurzgesagt Soundtracks by Epic Mountain:

Spotify: https://kgs.link/music-spotify
Soundcloud: https://kgs.link/music-soundcloud
Bandcamp: https://kgs.link/music-bandcamp
Youtube: https://kgs.link/music-youtube
Facebook: https://kgs.link/music-facebook

The Soundtrack of this video:

Soundcloud: https://bit.ly/3gN2nSB
Bandcamp: https://bit.ly/324ovUh


🐦🐧🐤 PATREON BIRD ARMY 🐤🐧🐦
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Many Thanks to our wonderful Patreons from http://kgs.link/patreon who support us every month and made this video possible:

Taimur Ijaz, Tony, Michael Baughman, Andrew Hui, Sleepy, Kyle Wayman, Ryan Newsome, Jeremy Southgate, Anthony Stellato, Cartasiand, MabodofuTK, Manuel Mayer, Christine, Thomas Mann, Brandie Andrews, Ricardo Anjos, JR 1, William Marshall, Desirae Pulido, asher flatt, Garrett, 김sha, Ryan Collier, Jan Sjögren, Giorgio Bettineschi, Nick W, Gabriela, Calum Calder, Adam Haspel, Arthur Pemberton, mark faber, Aidan Izuagbe, Andrew Whitman, Nadia Guarracino, Murat Kuş, Zyra Nembhard, Will Jones, Pawel Kozlowski, Coen John, Daniel Moxham, Shanice Codner, Spyro, Brian Monahan, Joris Oosterhuis, Hari prasanth, Maarten Jacobs, Brian Chan, Sanjay Upreti, Richard Selfridge, Marc-André Dubois, Greg Sullivan, Tassos Kanellakopoulos, Daniel Küster, Austin Fenton, Michael Levin, Conrad Mera, Philip Schillmaier, Claas Fandré, Alex Porter, Thomas Krause, Thorsten Karras, Elora Vink, Vincent M, Patrick Gormley, Jasson Schrock, Erorus, Bradley Kinder, david harvey, Nick Smit, Zachary Rice, Lanae, Gijs Cremers, Rhys Patterson, TasteofChoklit, Justin Griffith, Christopher Cone, Rylo, Bryan Reckamp, Feldrick, William Grunow, Russell Wiggins, Leigh Candalino, Matthew Stanford, Sun, Valeriy Whaler, John Paine, Alex Cimpean, Valerie-Maria Oberreiter, Mariya, ClownWhosFeelnDown, Isaac Hewins, Raymond Tse, Lucas Mendelson, Ovi Postel, Saru, Chris Gelme, Andrew Podolecki, Dennis, Sirik Loosman, Bumbrazz, Joshua Westgate, Gaëtan Séverac, yourcheapdate, Calin Tuns, Nicholas Broad, Marcel Thekook, James DuBoise, Lars Naurath, Joris Crevecoeur, Lars Comstock, Kevin Walsh, Matthew Bae, Jackson Mehr, Thomas Roggina, António Martins, Dimas Herlambang, James, Luke Wolf, Gilbert McCray, Ingmi Eißfeld, Caleb D, RJ, Filippo Guiducci, Luiz Siqueira, Luc Leonard, massimo ales, Theo Wolfe, Julian Rodriguez, Callan McLoughlin, Tommaso Caudullo, Happy Juice, Julian Ma, Robert Erickson, Henry Shew, Kayla Ford, Rémi Pichon, Wyatt Powell, MelissaBee, Emily T, Milo Vermeulen, Benjamin

Go to https://brilliant.org/nutshell/ to dive deeper into these topics and more with a free 30-day trial + 20% off the premium subscription! This video was sponsored by Brilliant.
Thanks a lot for the support!

Glow up your space with posters that don’t just shine – they spark curiosity ✨ Get your own beautifully crafted space poster (and directly support kurzgesagt in the process!): https://shop.kgs.link/space

Sources & further reading:
https://sites.google.com/view/sources-gravastars/

Gravastars could change how we think about the universe. These cosmic objects solve black holes’ biggest problems without breaking physics. From their ultra-thin shell to their energy-filled core, gravastars are both elegant and terrifying. But what exactly are they?


OUR CHANNELS
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
German: https://kgs.link/youtubeDE
Spanish: https://kgs.link/youtubeES
French: https://kgs.link/youtubeFR
Portuguese: https://kgs.link/youtubePT
Arabic: https://kgs.link/youtubeAR
Hindi: https://kgs.link/youtubeHI
Japanese: https://kgs.link/youtubeJA
Korean: https://kgs.link/youtubeKO


HOW CAN YOU SUPPORT US?
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
This is how we make our living and it would be a pleasure if you support us!

Get products designed with ❤️ https://shop.kgs.link
Join the Patreon Bird Army 🐧 https://kgs.link/patreon


DISCUSSIONS & SOCIAL MEDIA
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
TikTok: https://kgs.link/tiktok
Reddit: https://kgs.link/reddit
Instagram: https://kgs.link/instagram
Twitter: https://kgs.link/twitter
Facebook: https://kgs.link/facebook
Discord: https://kgs.link/discord
Newsletter: https://kgs.link/newsletter


OUR VOICE
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
The kurzgesagt voice is from
Steve Taylor: https://kgs.link/youtube-voice


OUR MUSIC ♬♪
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
700+ minutes of kurzgesagt soundtracks by Epic Mountain:

Spotify: https://kgs.link/music-spotify
Soundcloud: https://kgs.link/music-soundcloud
Bandcamp: https://kgs.link/music-bandcamp
Youtube: https://kgs.link/music-youtube
Facebook: https://kgs.link/music-facebook

The soundtrack of this video:
SoundCloud: https://bit.ly/4gaLu3z
Bandcamp: https://bit.ly/4fUi8pJ

If you want to help us caption this video, please send subtitles to subtitle@kurzgesagt.org
You can find info on what subtitle files work on YouTube here:
https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2734698?hl=en-GB&ref_topic=7296214
Thank you!


🐦🐧🐤 PATREON BIRD ARMY 🐤🐧🐦
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Many thanks to our wonderful Patreons (from http://kgs.link/patreon) who support us every month and made this video possible:
Julie C, Matt Towner, Ryan BrodeFrank, Joseph Lee, Billy Cheesesteaks, Damian Rooney, Erwan Le Cren, David Hughes, Ethan Suh, Cameron Ensel, Gustavo Rosanova, Alexandra Andreas, KooParan, Wilson, ManlioRN, Names Haillay,David Dunlap, Marissa Alyse Wilkinson, Craig, Marvela, Jim Wright, Oskar Junevicius, Sai, Magdalena Wanzenböck, Marco Manna, Joe Ward, Anthony Devine, Cameron Mitchell, Matthew Carey, bybr3nnan, Bauer, Erin Lee, Carol Wise, The Towne Witch, Sandy, Stark, Matt Seif, Nomnom, Jenny Griffiths, Toyas Dhake, ChromaDim, Michael Marino, Maxim Dupéré, Tiffany Tang, Marcel Schulz, Super Space Man 34, Huntman473, Mischa Hall, Orange, Jindřich Vlášek, Alexander S.

Are GMOs bad for your health? Or is this fear unfounded?


OUR CHANNELS
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
German Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeDE
Spanish Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeES


HOW CAN YOU SUPPORT US?
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
This is how we make our living and it would be a pleasure if you support us!

Get Merch designed with ❤ from https://kgs.link/shop
Join the Patreon Bird Army 🐧 https://kgs.link/patreon


DISCUSSIONS & SOCIAL MEDIA
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Reddit: https://kgs.link/reddit
Instagram: https://kgs.link/instagram
Twitter: https://kgs.link/twitter
Facebook: https://kgs.link/facebook
Discord: https://kgs.link/discord
Newsletter: https://kgs.link/newsletter


OUR VOICE
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
The Kurzgesagt voice is from
Steve Taylor: https://kgs.link/youtube-voice


OUR MUSIC ♬♪
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
700+ minutes of Kurzgesagt Soundtracks by Epic Mountain:

Spotify: https://kgs.link/music-spotify
Soundcloud: https://kgs.link/music-soundcloud
Bandcamp: https://kgs.link/music-bandcamp
Youtube: https://kgs.link/music-youtube
Facebook: https://kgs.link/music-facebook

The Soundtrack of this video:

Soundcloud: http://bit.ly/2okalIy
Bandcamp: http://bit.ly/2nCOQnR
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/epic-mountain-music


🐦🐧🐤 PATREON BIRD ARMY 🐤🐧🐦
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Many Thanks to our wonderful Patreons from http://kgs.link/patreon who support us every month and made this video possible:

Richard Martinez, Festive Madman, Christopher Jimenez, William Robertson, Peter, Christin Paul, Sitong Li, Noah T Blanchard, conquesttintin, Lukas Schopphoff, Vivian Wagner, Leon Klang, Max Wahrhaftig, Adrià, Vila Ruaix, Christian Fiedler, Adam Martin, Benjamin Bethea, Robert Smith, Stif, Alexandria Walters, Jack Neubauer, Gabriele Simeone, ComradKing, Michael Malocha, Paul Rozs, Mark Provan, oskars, Dar, Daria Blednova, Joshua Smith, Ke2theKe, Constantin-Marius Jaeck, Christopher Davidson, DK DK, Jon, Richter, Nova Kane, Someone, David Joseph, nsa smith, Husita, Robert Arnaud, SG2 Infinity, Jawnan, Dan Lukas Lundh, Jose Retana, Jake wirtanen, Abdulaziz Al-Kuwari, Roy Malamud, Krishna Yogi, Gonçalo Marques, Duke spork, itamar steigrad, I3aneFuL, Georg Kranz, Shiro Kawa, Janet Kim, Santina Lin, Chris Serdaris, Occam, Radek Starý, Abraham Callahan, Brent Charles, Emil Kampp, Scott Chamberlin-Wibbeke, Sebastian Gemal Vitting, Ray Jobbins, Jacques Quail, Scott Yanos, Tim Preuß, Attila Bögözi, Tarot, Noah Fechter-Dickson, Bogdan Bucur, James Bell, Jarek, Noah T-Blanchard, Adriana Vila


SOURCES
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
#What is natural:

GM insulin:
http://bit.ly/2ncHaW5

Genetic engineering for thousands of years:
http://bit.ly/2eCHKfi
http://bit.ly/2mLCvPm

CRISPR:
http://bit.ly/2ncI2uN

# Are GMOs bad for your health
GMOs and gene flow:
http://bit.ly/2bKauBe

terminator seeds:
http://n.pr/2o0ADSZ
http://bit.ly/2obZ9NS

Plants that are destined to be eaten are evaluated by different agencies
http://bit.ly/2mLbU5g
http://bit.ly/2nGPtNy
http://bit.ly/2ncMXf0

GMOs are safe– various studies and reports by respected authorities:
National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine:
http://bit.ly/2o0IT55

An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research:
http://bit.ly/2ot8tfH

Letter of 110 Nobel laureates vouching for GMOs:
http://bit.ly/295Nvg1

WHO:
http://bit.ly/1slbfSV

Various others:
http://bit.ly/1pEOq9T
http://bit.ly/1xq9iGn
http://bit.ly/14XU8yl
http://pewrsr.ch/1LqMLAe
http://bit.ly/2nduCOV
http://bit.ly/20BHOsU

Bt crops:
http://bit.ly/2nd9rg8

herbicide-resistant crops:
http://bit.ly/2o5kdJk
http://bit.ly/2o5nSGQ

# What good GMOs can do

Bt eggplants:
http://bit.ly/2nHbdsW
http://bit.ly/2nvmg89

Gm papaya:
http://bit.ly/2nbN0ab
http://bit.ly/2nvl6cz
http://bit.ly/2ndxPy0

# Look in the crystal ball:

drought-resistant crops:
http://bit.ly/2mLmnxf

plants that produce more nutrients:
http://bbc.in/1WxsfnJ

vitamin-fortified banana:
http://bit.ly/1MKS0sJ

nitrogen-fixing crops:
http://bit.ly/2mLN9Wn
http://bit.ly/2nc9mrZ

Chestnut tree:
http://bit.ly/1VqkL2D

Potential for landsparing:
http://go.nature.com/2oc18Sp
http://bit.ly/1T1J2NX

# Further reading:

Bt cotton in India:
http://bit.ly/2nH5AdZ
http://bit.ly/1JQKG1u

Article on popular science:
http://bit.ly/2o5oVqp

Blog series on GMOs:
http://bit.ly/2o18w5X

Ecomodernist manifesto:
http://bit.ly/1PSVE6n



Help us caption & translate this video!

http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?c=UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q&tab=2

Are GMOs Good or Bad? Genetic Engineering & Our Food

Head over to our shop to get exclusive kurzgesagt merch and sciency products designed with love.
Getting something from the kurzgesagt shop is the best way to support us and to keep our videos free for everyone.
►► https://kgs.link/shop-117
(Worldwide Shipping Available)



Sources:
https://sites.google.com/view/sourcesmilk/

Over the last decade milk has become a bit controversial. Some people say it’s a necessary and nutritious food, vital for healthy bones, but others say it can cause cancer and lead to an early death.

So who is right? And why are we drinking it anyway?


OUR CHANNELS
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
German Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeDE
Spanish Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeES


HOW CAN YOU SUPPORT US?
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
This is how we make our living and it would be a pleasure if you support us!

Get Merch designed with ❤ from https://kgs.link/shop-117
Join the Patreon Bird Army 🐧 https://kgs.link/patreon


DISCUSSIONS & SOCIAL MEDIA
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Reddit: https://kgs.link/reddit
Instagram: https://kgs.link/instagram
Twitter: https://kgs.link/twitter
Facebook: https://kgs.link/facebook
Discord: https://kgs.link/discord
Newsletter: https://kgs.link/newsletter


OUR VOICE
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
The Kurzgesagt voice is from
Steve Taylor: https://kgs.link/youtube-voice


OUR MUSIC ♬♪
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
700+ minutes of Kurzgesagt Soundtracks by Epic Mountain:

Spotify: https://kgs.link/music-spotify
Soundcloud: https://kgs.link/music-soundcloud
Bandcamp: https://kgs.link/music-bandcamp
Youtube: https://kgs.link/music-youtube
Facebook: https://kgs.link/music-facebook

The Soundtrack of this video:

Soundcloud: https://bit.ly/2tDtHA1
Bandcamp: https://bit.ly/2Gg8crD
Youtube: https://bit.ly/2CZ6PeN
Facebook: http://bit.ly/2qW6bY4


🐦🐧🐤 PATREON BIRD ARMY 🐤🐧🐦
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Many Thanks to our wonderful Patreons from http://kgs.link/patreon who support us every month and made this video possible:

Keelan Rose, Devesh Dhole, Olof Pettersson, Hung Doan, Amelia Puteri, Michele Brusutti, Dan Mangiarelli, Benjamin Lambert, Tom, Masoom Kumar, Abdulrahman Aljurbua, Nathan Benton, Evan Viljoen, Rahul Razdan, Benjamin LaCara, Simon Navarro, Mario Hermes, Chloé Nicole, Håvard Skjold, Deon Naude, FloweroftheForest, Finn Fleischer, Ron Kakar, Iryan, Chris W., Dominic Nadeau, Sriram Kannan, Guy Butler, Titus Taylor, Baraka Peterman, Rob Bos, Andrew McCandliss, Kathryn Meyer, Marty Galinskas, Itay Levi, Kyle Smith, Lara, James Wood, Erik Welander, Arklur, Sören, Dennis Swiercinsky, Ike Saunders, Filippo Cona, Vancey Le, Pavel Schweizer, Igor Petrushevskiy, Goran Niksic, Richard Hai, Ellis Choy, Jason Meredith, Jack Bennett, nathan hatfield, Edward Liu, Matthew Hwang, Joseph Siler, Jonathan Schultz, Sterling Bates, Shiran, Billy Jameson, Raanan Fickler, Simon Marois, Jared, Luca Privitera, Andrew Hodgson, Alex Moore, Domiepotato, Jason Seah, Luca Steeb, Eddie Pettis, Adolfo Puertas, Tobias Henriksson, Hugo Leonardi, Leo August, Alex Denor, David Platte, Jean-Manuel Izaret, Rico Jasper, Tyler Mckenna, Jayson Domingo, Kevin Stoodt, Moritz Hegmann, Alex Paden, Bread Bread, Dan, George Papadopoulos, Ben Patterson, Ahmed Elmesmary, Theoldfiend ., Vincent Dinger, Realistic Management, Mike H, SUBSCOPE, hb0, Dayan, Steven Paz, Ralph, John Underwood, Cory Matt, Heytun, Simon Sardeson-Coe, YILDIZ KABARAN, Henry Furman, es

The human body is surprisingly resilient. From kidneys and spleens to chunks of your liver and even part of your blood.
Which organs can you safely lose? What happens when you do?
And how can science sometimes step in to replace the irreplaceable?

#kurzgesagt
#inanutshell #kurzgesagt_inanutshell #learnwithshorts #science

Sources & further reading:
https://sites.google.com/view/kgs-tiktok-sources

Follow us for more sciencey content! 🦆

OUR CHANNELS
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
German: https://kgs.link/youtubeDE
Spanish: https://kgs.link/youtubeES
French: https://kgs.link/youtubeFR
Portuguese: https://kgs.link/youtubePT
Arabic: https://kgs.link/youtubeAR
Hindi: https://kgs.link/youtubeHI
Japanese: https://kgs.link/youtubeJA
Korean: https://kgs.link/youtubeKO


HOW CAN YOU SUPPORT US?
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
This is how we make our living and it would be a pleasure if you support us!

Get Products designed with ❤ https://shop.kgs.link/shorts
Become a Part of kurzgesagt by joining the Patreon Bird Army 🐧 https://kgs.link/patreon


DISCUSSIONS & SOCIAL MEDIA
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Instagram: https://kgs.link/instagram
TikTok: https://kgs.link/tiktok
Reddit: https://kgs.link/reddit
Discord: https://kgs.link/discord
Twitter: https://kgs.link/twitter
Bluesky: https://kgs.link/bluesky
Facebook: https://kgs.link/facebook
Newsletter: https://kgs.link/newsletter


OUR VOICE
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
The Kurzgesagt voice is from
Steve Taylor: https://kgs.link/youtube-voice


OUR MUSIC ♬♪
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
700+ minutes of Kurzgesagt Soundtracks by Epic Mountain:

Spotify: https://kgs.link/music-spotify
Soundcloud: https://kgs.link/music-soundcloud
Bandcamp: https://kgs.link/music-bandcamp
Youtube: https://kgs.link/music-youtube
Facebook: https://kgs.link/music-facebook

The logistic map connects fluid convection, neuron firing, the Mandelbrot set and so much more. Fasthosts Techie Test competition is now closed! Learn more about Fasthosts here: https://www.fasthosts.co.uk/veritasium Code for interactives is available below...

Animations, coding, interactives in this video by Jonny Hyman 🙌
Try the code yourself: https://github.com/jonnyhyman/Chaos

References:
James Gleick, Chaos
Steven Strogatz, Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos

May, R. Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics. Nature 261, 459–467 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1038/261459a0

Robert Shaw, The Dripping Faucet as a Model Chaotic System
https://archive.org/details/Sh....awRobertDrippingFauc

Crevier DW, Meister M. Synchronous period-doubling in flicker vision of salamander and man.
J Neurophysiol. 1998 Apr;79(4):1869-78.

Bing Jia, Huaguang Gu, Li Li, Xiaoyan Zhao. Dynamics of period-doubling bifurcation to chaos in the spontaneous neural firing patterns Cogn Neurodyn (2012) 6:89–106 DOI 10.1007/s11571-011-9184-7

A Garfinkel, ML Spano, WL Ditto, JN Weiss. Controlling cardiac chaos
Science 28 Aug 1992: Vol. 257, Issue 5074, pp. 1230-1235 DOI: 10.1126/science.1519060

R. M. May, D. M. G. Wishart, J. Bray and R. L. Smith Chaos and the Dynamics of Biological Populations
Source: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 413, No. 1844, Dynamical Chaos (Sep. 8, 1987), pp. 27-44

Chialvo, D., Gilmour Jr, R. & Jalife, J. Low dimensional chaos in cardiac tissue. Nature 343, 653–657 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1038/343653a0

Xujun Ye, Kenshi Sakai. A new modified resource budget model for nonlinear dynamics in citrus production. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 87 (2016) 51–60

Libchaber, A. & Laroche, C. & Fauve, Stephan. (1982). Period doubling cascade in mercury, a quantitative measurement. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphy....slet:019820043070211 43. 10.1051/jphyslet:01982004307021100.

Special thanks to Patreon Supporters:
Alfred Wallace, Arjun Chakroborty, Bryan Baker, DALE HORNE, Donal Botkin, halyoav, James Knight, Jasper Xin, Joar Wandborg, Lee Redden, Lyvann Ferrusca, Michael Krugman, Pindex, Ron Neal, Sam Lutfi, Tige Thorman, Vincent

Special thanks to:
Henry Reich for feedback on earlier versions of this video
Raquel Nuno for enduring many earlier iterations (including parts she filmed that were replaced)
Dianna Cowern for title suggestions and saying earlier versions weren't good
Heather Zinn Brooks for feedback on an earlier version.


Music from:
https://epidemicsound.com "What We Discovered" "A Sound Foundation 1" "Seaweed" "Colored Spirals 4"

https://ve42.co/Artlist "Busy World" "Children of Mystery"

The biggest problems in the world might be solved by tiny molecules unlocked using AI. Take your big idea online today with https://ve42.co/hostinger - code VE at checkout.

A huge thank you to John Jumper and Kathryn Tunyasuvunakool at Google Deepmind; and to David Baker and the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington for their invaluable expertise and explanations.

We’re incredibly grateful to Juanita Bagawan and Lucie Kerley at Google Deepmind, and Ian C. Haydon at the UW Institute for Protein Design for their assistance with some of the animation and imagery used in this video.

Special thanks to those at Google DeepMind Production Studios for their help interviewing John Jumper:
Director - Bernardo Resende
Director of Photography - Robert Messere
Senior Audio Technician - Perry Rogantin
Senior Production Coordinator - Sarah Ellen Morton
Studio Manager - Nicholas Duke

For more on this topic head over to our Patreon for the exclusive extended interview https://www.patreon.com/posts/patreon-with-cut-122274530?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link

▀▀▀
0:00 How to determine protein structures
3:50 Why are proteins so complicated?
5:34 The CASP Competition and Deep Mind
9:08 How does Alphafold work?
12:06 3 ways to get better AI
14:24 What is a Transformer in AI?
17:15 The Structure Module
18:35 Alphafold 2 wins the Nobel Prize
20:36 Designing New Proteins - RF Diffusion
22:58 The Future of AI

▀▀▀
Try Snatoms! A molecular modelling kit I invented where the atoms snap together.
https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

▀▀▀
References and Credits:
How AI Revolutionized Protein Science, but Didn’t End It. (Jun 2024) via Quanta Magazine - https://ve42.co/airev
Jumper, J., Evans, R., Pritzel, A. et al. (Jul 2021). Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold. Nature - https://ve42.co/alphafoldtwo
Senior, A.W., Evans, R., Jumper, J. et al. (Jan 2020). Improved protein structure prediction using potentials from deep learning. Nature - https://ve42.co/alphafold
R Zwanzig, A Szabo, B Bagchi (Jan 1992). Levinthal's paradox. PMC, National Institute of Health - https://ve42.co/levparadox
Khatib, F., DiMaio, F., Foldit Contenders Group. et al. (Sept 2011). Crystal structure of a monomeric retroviral protease solved by protein folding game players. Nature - https://ve42.co/proteinfoldingsolved
DeepMind co-founder: Gaming inspired AI breakthrough. (Dec 2020) via BBC - https://ve42.co/aibreakthrough
3Blue1Brown. (Apr 2024). Transformers (how LLMs work) explained visually | DL5 via Youtube - https://ve42.co/transformers
AlphaFold impact stories. via Deepmind Blog - https://ve42.co/foldimpact
Quanta Magazine. (Oct 2024). How AI Cracked the Protein Folding Code and Won a Nobel Prize via Youtube - https://ve42.co/proteinfolding
Looking Glass Universe. (Apr 2024). how AlphaFold *actually* works via Youtube - https://ve42.co/foldworks
Google DeepMind. (Nov 2020). AlphaFold: The making of a scientific breakthrough via Youtube - https://ve42.co/alphafoldvideo
Nobel Prize. (Dec 2024). 2024 Nobel Prize lectures in chemistry | David Baker, Demis Hassabis and John Jumper via Youtube - https://ve42.co/nobelchem
The AlphaFold2 Method Paper: A Fount of Good Ideas. (Jul 2021) via moalquraishi.wordpress - https://ve42.co/Alphafoldpaper
Why Don't We Have More Protein-Protein Drug Molecules? (Dec 2009) via Science - https://ve42.co/proteindrugmol
Data sonification. via Carla Scaletti - https://ve42.co/datasonification

Images & Video:
Available here - https://ve42.co/alphafoldvisuals

And if you want to learn more about how we have been making antivenom check out our previous video How Horses Save Humans From Snakebites - https://ve42.co/veantivenom

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, I. H., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Spilmann Reed, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

▀▀▀
Directed by Sumeet Kulkarni
Written by Sumeet Kulkarni, Derek Muller and Zoe Heron
Edited by Jack Saxon
Animated by Ivy Tello, Emma Wright, Andrew Neet and Fabio Albertelli
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Filmed and demos done by Sumeet Kulkarni
Additional research by Geeta Thakur, Vincent Cheng and Emilia Gyles
Produced by Sumeet Kulkarni, Derek Muller, Zoe Heron, Rob Beasley Spence and Tori Brittain
Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard and Ben Powell
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

This is the biggest, brightest, hottest video there is about the science of fireworks. This video is brought to you by Kiwico – go to https://kiwico.com/veritasium for your first month free!

If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: https://snatoms.com

Check out Gene’s channel here -- @PotatoJet

Massive thanks to Mike Tockstein from Pyrotechnic Innovations @PyroInnovations
and Will Scott from Las Vegas Display Fireworks Inc, for all your pyro knowledge and keeping us safe.

▀▀▀
Massive thanks to Gene Nagata from PotatoJet for filming this episode – check out his wonderful channel for more videos about cameras and FPV drones.

Thanks to Brandon Williams for helping with the chemistry and sourcing of materials.

Thanks to Matthew Tosh for the help with the chemistry conversation about fireworks.

Thanks to Simon Werrett for the help with the history of fireworks.

▀▀▀
Werrett, S. (2010). Fireworks: pyrotechnic arts and sciences in European history. University of Chicago Press

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.

▀▀▀
Written by Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli
Filmed by Derek Muller, Hunter Peterson, Gene Nagata, Raquel Nuno
Production by Hunter Peterson and Stephanie Castillo
Additional video/photos supplied by Mike Tockstein/Pyrotechnic Innovations
Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, & Casper Mebius

LSD-fiend, surfer, maverick — Kary Mullis might be the weirdest person ever to win the Nobel Prize. Get a little smarter every day with Brilliant. Visit https://brilliant.org/veritasium to get 20% off your annual premium subscription.

A massive thank you to Tom White, Hudson Freeze, and Henry Erlich for their time and expertise on the subject.

A huge thank you to Eleni Kleanthous, Jan Novoselec, Kieran Sparkes, Andrew Garcia, and UCSD’s Pride Lab for reviewing the science.

For great coverage of the PCR story, check out ‘Making PCR’ by Paul Rabinow - https://ve42.co/Rabinow1996

For exclusive behind-the-scenes content on the making of this video, join us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/posts/119438561

00:00 DNA under a microscope
01:17 Kary Mullis at Berkeley
02:50 Cetus and early biotech
04:16 How to detect sickle cell anemia
09:12 Kary Mullis at Cetus
10:39 Infinite DNA glitch explained
15:29 Kary Mullis struggles
18:10 Thermus Aquaticus to the rescue
23:53 Going public
26:59 The quirky genius, Kary Mullis

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Farbod Mansorian, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, I. H., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Spilmann Reed, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, and wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
References:
Mullis, K. (1968). Cosmological Significance of Time Reversal. Nature - https://ve42.co/Mullis1968
Mullis, K. (1997). Dancing Naked in the Mind Field. Vintage - https://ve42.co/Mullis1997
McDonald, C. (2019). Intolerable Genius. Cal Alumni Association - https://ve42.co/McDonald2019
Conner, B. J. et al. (1983). Detection of sickle cell beta S-globin allele by hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotides. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - https://ve42.co/Conner1983
Human Beta-globin gene via UniProt - https://ve42.co/BetaGlobin
Saiki, R. K. et al. (1985). Enzymatic Amplification of β-Globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia. Science - https://ve42.co/Saiki1985
Mullis, K. B. (1990). The Unusual Origin of the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Scientific American - https://ve42.co/Mullis1990
Kary B. Mullis via The Nobel Prize - https://ve42.co/Nobel1993
Restriction Enzymes via The Nobel Prize - https://ve42.co/Nobel1978
Saiki, R. K. et al. (1988). Primer-Directed Enzymatic Amplification of DNA with a Thermostable DNA Polymerase. Science - https://ve42.co/Saiki1988
Smith, T. C. (2024). HIV Denial in the COVID Era. AIDS and Behavior. - https://ve42.co/Smith2024
Mullis, K. B., Faloona, F. A. (1987). Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction. Methods in Enzymology - https://ve42.co/Mullis1987
Dr. Kary Mullis about LSD via RadioIciMaintenant Rim - https://ve42.co/MullisLSD
Brock, T. D., & Freeze, H. (1969). Thermus aquaticus gen. n. and sp. n., a Nonsporulating Extreme Thermophile. Journal of Bacteriology - https://ve42.co/Brock1969
Rediscovering Yellowstone via UW-Madison - https://ve42.co/Madison2017
Presidential Aids Advisory Panel Report via gov.za - https://ve42.co/Mbeki2001
Nattrass, N. (2008). AIDS and the Scientific Governance of Medicine in Post-Apartheid South Africa. African Affairs - https://ve42.co/Nattrass2008
Chigwedere, P. et al. (2008). Estimating the Lost Benefits of Antiretroviral Drug Use in South Africa. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes - https://ve42.co/Chigwedere2008

Images & Video:
Available here - https://ve42.co/PCRVisuals

▀▀▀
Directed by Gregor Čavlović and Latif Nasser
Written by Gregor Čavlović, Latif Nasser, and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Ivy Tello, Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli, Andrew Neet, and Alex Drakoulis
Illustrated by Emma Wright, Maria Gusakovich, and Jakub Misiek,
Filmed by Derek Muller, Alex Gorosh, and Gregor Čavlović
Additional research by Geeta Thakur and Gabriel Strong
Produced by Derek Muller, Latif Nasser, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Tori Brittain, James Horsley, Luke Lewis, Matthew Cavanagh, Barbara Abraul, Henry Van Dyck, Petr Lebedev, and Casper Mebius

Thumbnail contributions by Ben Powell, Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, Maria Gusakovich, Emma Wright, Jakub Misiek, and Tommy Steven

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

Explanations for http://youtu.be/1Xp_imnO6WE
Follow me on twitter: http://bit.ly/VeTwitter
or Instagram: http://bit.ly/VeInsta
or Facebook: http://bit.ly/FBVeritasium
For more on deflecting polar streams with electric fields, see:
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed077p1520


I'm in Hobart for a live show on Friday at UTAS followed by gigs in Sydney and Canberra next weekend.

Fritz Haber is the scientist who arguably most transformed the world. Part of this video is sponsored by Wren. Offset your carbon footprint on Wren: ​https://www.wren.co/start/veritasium1. For the first 100 people who sign up, I will personally pay for the first month of your subscription!

▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
A huge thanks to Dan Charles for writing a fantastic biography of Fritz Haber, for taking the time to talk to us about it, and providing valuable feedback. This video would not be what it is without his contributions. http://site.danielcharles.us https://ve42.co/Charles

Thanks to Tom de Prinse from Explosions and Fire for helping us with the chemistry of explosives. If you like explosions and/or fire, you will love his channel. https://www.youtube.com/c/ExplosionsFire2

Thanks to Michael Kuiper of CSIRO for the animation of the composition of air - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9JvX58aRfg

Special thanks to Sonya Pemberton, Karl Kruszelnicki, Mary Dobbie, Olivia McRae, and the patreon supporters for giving us feedback on the earlier version of this video.

▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
References:

The primary reference used is Vaclav Smil’s excellent book, Enriching The Earth –
Smil, V. (2004). Enriching the earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the transformation of world food production. MIT press. – https://ve42.co/Smil

Mastermind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare, by Dan Charles – https://ve42.co/Charles

Stoltzenberg, D. (2004). Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew. Chemical Heritage Foundation. – https://ve42.co/Stoltzenberg

Postgate, J. R. (1982). The fundamentals of nitrogen fixation. CUP Archive. – https://ve42.co/postgate

Miles, A. G. (1992). Biological nitrogen fixation. – https://ve42.co/Miles

Friedrich, B., & Hoffmann, D. (2017). Clara Immerwahr: A life in the shadow of Fritz Haber. In One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences(pp. 45-67). Springer, Cham. – https://ve42.co/Friedrich2017

Da Silva, G. (2020). What is ammonium nitrate, the chemical that exploded in Beirut. Sci Am, 5. – https://ve42.co/Silva

Rodrigues, P., & Micael, J. (2021). The importance of guano birds to the Inca Empire and the first conservation measures implemented by humans. – https://ve42.co/rodrigues

Allison, F. E. (1957). Nitrogen and soil fertility. Soil, the, 85-94. – https://ve42.co/Allison

Crookes, W. (1898). Address of the President before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bristol, 1898. Science, 8(200), 561-575. – https://ve42.co/Crookes

▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Special thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, Julian Lee, Inconcision, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Timothy O’Brien, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal

▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Felicity Nelson and Kovi Rose
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animation by Jakub Mistek, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Alex Drakoulis, Nils Ramses Kullack, and Charlie Davies
SFX by Shaun Clifford
Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno
Photo of nitrogen deficiency in rice from https://ve42.co/rice
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound: https://ve42.co/music

How does order spontaneously arise out of chaos? This video is sponsored by Kiwico — go to https://www.kiwico.com/Veritasium50 for 50% off your first month of any crate.

An enormous thanks to Prof. Steven Strogatz — this video would not have been possible without him. Much of the script-writing was inspired and informed by his wonderful book Sync, and his 2004 TED talk. He is a giant in this field, and has literally written the book on chaos, complexity, and synchronization. It was hard to find a paper in this field that Steven (or one of his students) didn't contribute to. His Podcast "The Joy of X" is wonderful — please listen and subscribe wherever you get your podcasts https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/the-joy-of-x

Nicky Case's Amazing Firefly Interactive — https://ncase.me/fireflies

Great Kuramoto Model Interactive — https://www.complexity-explora....bles.org/explorables

References:

Strogatz, S. H. (2012). Sync: How order emerges from chaos in the universe, nature, and daily life. Hachette UK. — https://ve42.co/Sync

Strogatz, S. H. (2000). From Kuramoto to Crawford: exploring the onset of synchronization in populations of coupled oscillators. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 143(1-4), 1-20. — https://ve42.co/Strogatz2000

Goldsztein, G. H., Nadeau, A. N., & Strogatz, S. H. (2021). Synchronization of clocks and metronomes: A perturbation analysis based on multiple timescales. Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, 31(2), 023109. — https://ve42.co/Goldsztein

The Broughton Suspension Bridge and the Resonance Disaster — https://ve42.co/Broughton

Bennett, M., Schatz, M. F., Rockwood, H., & Wiesenfeld, K. (2002). Huygens's clocks. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 458(2019), 563-579. — https://ve42.co/Bennett2002

Pantaleone, J. (2002). Synchronization of metronomes. American Journal of Physics, 70(10), 992-1000. — https://ve42.co/Pantaleone2002

Kuramoto, Y. (1975). Self-entrainment of a population of coupled non-linear oscillators. In International symposium on mathematical problems in theoretical physics (pp. 420-422). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. -- https://ve42.co/Kuramoto1975

Great video by Minute Earth about Tidal Locking and the Moon — https://ve42.co/MinuteEarth

Strogatz, S. H., Abrams, D. M., McRobie, A., Eckhardt, B., & Ott, E. (2005). Crowd synchrony on the Millennium Bridge. Nature, 438(7064), 43-44. — https://ve42.co/Strogatz2005

Zhabotinsky, A. M. (2007). Belousov-zhabotinsky reaction. Scholarpedia, 2(9), 1435. — https://ve42.co/Zhabotinsky2007

Flavio H Fenton et al. (2008) Cardiac arrhythmia. Scholarpedia, 3(7):1665. — https://ve42.co/Cardiac

Cherry, E. M., & Fenton, F. H. (2008). Visualization of spiral and scroll waves in simulated and experimental cardiac tissue. New Journal of Physics, 10(12), 125016. — https://ve42.co/Cherry2008

Tyson, J. J. (1994). What everyone should know about the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. In Frontiers in mathematical biology (pp. 569-587). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. — https://ve42.co/Tyson1994

Winfree, A. T. (2001). The geometry of biological time (Vol. 12). Springer Science & Business Media. — https://ve42.co/Winfree2001

The Manim Community Developers. (2021). Manim – Mathematical Animation Framework (Version v0.13.1) [Computer software]. https://www.manim.community/

Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Mac Malkawi, Oleksii Leonov, Michael Schneider, Jim Osmun, Tyson McDowell, Ludovic Robillard, jim buckmaster, fanime96, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Lyvann Ferrusca, Alfred Wallace, Arjun Chakroborty, Joar Wandborg, Clayton Greenwell, Pindex, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal

Written by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev
Animation by Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek
Simulations and 3D Animation by Jonny Hyman
Filmed by Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno
Edited by Derek Muller
Additional video supplied by Getty Images
Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci

More footage from NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio

100 metronome video from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suxu1bmPm2g

Intro animation by Jorge Cham

Thanks for the BZ footage from SteinbockGroup: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJn1ssZEyns and
NileRed https://youtu.be/LL3kVtc-4vY

Animation of waves in the heart from The Virtual Heart/ EM Cherry/ FH Fenton — https://ve42.co/Cardiac and https://ve42.co/Cherry2008

Chemical materials and protocol provided by Mike Morris and the UCI Chemistry Outreach Program https://www.chem.uci.edu/~jsno....wick/outreach/UCI_Ou

Thanks to Alie Ward for title/thumbnail consultation
Thanks to Dr Juliette Becker and Dr James O'Donoghue for the planetary science help

Music from Jonny Hyman, Epidemic Sound https://epidemicsound.com "Seaweed" "Deeper Than The Ocean" "Ripple Effect"
Music also from Artlist https://artlist.com "Children of Mystery"

Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci

The most elegant interpretation of quantum mechanics is the universe is constantly splitting
A portion of this video was sponsored by Norton. Get up to 60% off the first year (annually billed) here: https://bit.ly/32SM0yd or use promo code VERITASIUM

Special thanks to:
Prof. Sean Carroll https://www.preposterousuniverse.com
His book, a major source for this video is 'Something Deeply Hidden: Quantum Worlds and The Emergence of Spacetime'

Code for solving the Schrödinger equation by Jonny Hyman available here: https://github.com/jonnyhyman/QuantumWaves

I learned quantum mechanics the traditional 'Copenhagen Interpretation' way. We can use the Schrödinger equation to solve for and evolve wave functions. Then we invoke wave-particle duality, in essence things we detect as particles can behave as waves when they aren't interacting with anything. But when there is a measurement, the wave function collapses leaving us with a definite particle detection. If we repeat the experiment many times, we find the statistics of these results mirror the amplitude of the wave function squared. Hence the Born rule came into being, saying the wave function should be interpreted statistically, that our universe at the most fundamental scale is probabilistic rather than deterministic. This did not sit well with scientists like Einstein and Schrödinger who believed there must be more going on, perhaps 'hidden variables'.

In the 1950's Hugh Everett proposed the Many Worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. It is so logical in hindsight but with a bias towards the classical world, experiments and measurements to guide their thinking, it's understandable why the founders of quantum theory didn't come up with it. Rather than proposing different dynamics for measurement, Everett suggests that measurement is something that happens naturally in the course of quantum particles interacting with each other. The conclusion is inescapable. There is nothing special about measurement, it is just the observer becoming entangled with a wave function in a superposition. Since one observer can experience only their own branch, it appears as if the other possibilities have disappeared but in reality there is no reason why they could not still exist and just fail to interact with the other branches. This is caused by environmental decoherence.

Schrodinger's cat animation by Ivy Tello
Wave functions, double slit and entanglement animation by Jonny Hyman
Filming of opening sequence by Casey Rentz

Special thanks to Mithuna Y, Raquel Nuno and Dianna Cowern for feedback on the script

Music from https://epidemicsound.com "Experimental 1" "Serene Story 2" "Seaweed" "Colorful Animation 4"

What happens when single photons of light pass through a double slit and are detected by a photomultiplier tube? In 1801 Thomas Young seemed to settle a long-running debate about the nature of light with his double slit experiment. He demonstrated that light passing through two slits creates patterns like water waves, with the implication that it must be a wave phenomenon.

However, experimental results in the early 1900s found that light energy is not smoothly distributed as in a classical wave, rather it comes in discrete packets, called quanta and later photons. These are indivisible particles of light. So what would happen if individual photons passed through a double slit? Would they make a pattern like waves or like particles?