Our next stop in our tour of the ethical lay of the land is utilitarianism. With a little help from Batman, Hank explains the principle of utility, and the difference between act and rule utilitarianism.

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios


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Nachos are delicious. And versatile because today they're also going to help us learn a thing or two about your digestive system. Nachos can provide us with energy and raw materials, by first ingesting something nutritious, propelling it through the alimentary canal where it will be mechanically broken down, and chemically digested by enzymes until my cells can absorb their monomers and use them to make whatever they need. And eventually, there will be pooping.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
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Chapters:
Introduction: Why We Eat Food 00:00
Digestive System: Your Body's Disassembly Line 2:18
Structure of the Digestive System 4:18
Ingestion 6:24
Propulsion 7:00
Mechanical Breakdown 7:38
Digestion 8:01
Absorption 8:30
Defecation 8:50
Review 9:50
Credits 10:27

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark , Elliot Beter, Moritz Schmidt, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Jacob Ash, Jessica Wode, Today I Found Out, Christy Huddleston, James Craver, Chris Peters, SR Foxley, Steve Marshall, Simun Niclasen, Eric Kitchen, Robert Kunz, Avi Yashchin, Jason A Saslow, Jan Schmid, Daniel Baulig, Christian , Anna-Ester Volozh

***

Episode co-sponsors:
Bryan Drexler
Peter Rapp, Lightbow - www.lightbow.net
Sigmund Leirvåg
Mikael Modin - http://www.msf.org/
Jeremy Bradley

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Now that we've talked about your blood vessels, we're going to zoom in a little closer and talk about your blood itself. We'll start by outlining the basic components of blood -- including erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma -- as well as the basic process of hemostasis that stops bleeding, and how antigens are responsible for the blood type that you have. By the end of this episode, you should be totally prepared for your next blood drive.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
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Chapters:
Introduction: Let's Talk Blood 00:00
How Blood Donation Works 2:00
Blood Components: Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets, and Plasma 3:00
Plasma - Electrolytes 3:38
Plasma Proteins 4:03
Hemostasis: How Bleeding Works 4:30
Antigens & Blood Types 6:21
Review 9:05
Credits 9:32

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Mark, Jan Schmid, Simun Niclasen, Robert Kunz, Daniel Baulig, Jason A Saslow, Eric Kitchen, Christian, Beatrice Jin, Anna-Ester Volozh, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Stephen Lawless, Today I Found Out, James Craver, Jessica Wode, Sandra Aft, Jacob Ash, SR Foxley, Christy Huddleston, Steve Marshall, Chris Peters

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In which John Green investigates the dawn of human civilization. John looks into how people gave up hunting and gathering to become agriculturalists, and how that change has influenced the world we live in today. Also, there are some jokes about cheeseburgers.

Additional reading:
Nisa by Marjorie Shostak: https://bit.ly/3M5Ikyq
First Farmers by Peter Bellwood: https://bit.ly/3jHBNxL

Chapters:
About the Test 00:00
The Journey of a Double Cheeseburger 1:04
Early Humans: Hunting and Foraging 02:18
Advantages & Disadvantages of Agriculture 03:39
An Open Letter to Elephants 06:49
Why did the Agricultural Revolution Happen? 07:51
Credits 10:38

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Just what is the difference between sensing and perceiving? And how does vision actually work? And what does this have to do with a Corgi? In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank takes us on a journey through the brain to better explain these and other concepts. Plus, you know, CORGI!

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Face Blindness (Prosopagnosia) 00:00
Sensation vs. Perception 0:54
Sense Thresholds 1:43
How Human Vision Works 4:23
Visible Light Spectrum 5:00
How the Human Eye Processes Light 6:01
Rods & Cones 6:31
Human Color Vision 6:56
Visual Cortex 8:02
Parallel Processing 9:30
Review & Credits 9:52
--

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We’ve talked about many important concepts for engineers, but today we’re going to discuss a hugely important one that you might not even realize is an engineering concept: ethics. We’ll talk about what a Code of Ethics is. We’ll explore engineering ethics and the ethical theories of utilitarianism, rights ethics, and duty ethics. We’ll also take a look at a few different real life examples of ethical problems in engineering.

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

Check out Origin of Everything: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCiB8h9jD2Mlxx96ZF

***

RESOURCES:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/in....troduction/intro_1.s
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethic
https://www.nspe.org/resources/ethics/code-ethics
https://www.asce.org/question-....of-ethics-articles/a
https://www.asce.org/question-....of-ethics-articles/j
http://www.asce.org/code-of-ethics/
https://plato.stanford.edu/ent....ries/utilitarianism-
https://onlinemasters.ohio.edu..../blog/ultimate-guide
https://www.raeng.org.uk/polic....y/engineering-ethics
https://interestingengineering.....com/understanding-h

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Jennifer French Lee, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Ian Dundore
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Hank tries not to stress you out too much as he delves into the functions and terminology of your sympathetic nervous system.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
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Chapters:
Introduction: Physiology of Stress 00:00
How Signals Travel to Effectors 1:48
Hormones & Neurotransmitters Communicate Stress 2:15
Preganglionic Fibers Release Acetylcholine (ACh) 3:42
Postganglionic Fibers Release Norepinephrine 4:34
Adrenal Glands Release Norepinephrine and Epinephrine as Hormones 5:10
Neurotransmitters vs. Hormones 6:01
How Norepinephrine Works: Alpha and Beta Receptors 6:29
Review 9:29
Credits 10:18

***

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Empire, imperialism, and colonialism are all interrelated tactics of geopolitics that are used to achieve similar goals of one state maintaining economic, political, or even cultural dominance over other territories. Today, we’re going to unravel the impacts of colonialism at different times throughout history from Taiwan to Myanmar as we examine the longstanding impacts of these relationships. We’ll also take a look at how some countries today, like Thailand, have taken the control of the narrative through culinary colonization.

SOURCES

General:
Getis, Bjelland, and Getis. Introduction to Geography, 15 ed. McGraw-Hill Education. 2017. ISBN: 978-1-259-57000-1

Gregory, Derek, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, and Sarah Whatmore, eds. 2009. The Dictionary of Human Geography. 5th ed. Willey-Blackwell. ISBN: 978-1-4051-3288-6

For a free and open source option for Intro to Human Geography, see: https://humangeography.pressbooks.com/

For a free and open source option for World Regional Geography, see: https://worldgeography.pressbo....oks.com/front-matter

Cracking the AP Human Geography Exam: 2020 edition.  The Princeton Review.

Taiwan: 
http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/7376/402.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/16493/
https://www.brookings.edu/rese....arch/taiwans-economi
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-....factbook/countries/t
https://eh.net/encyclopedia/th....e-economic-history-o
https://journals.openedition.o....rg/chinaperspectives

Condensed history of Asian Empire:
http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/....main_pop/kpct/kp_190

Mongolia:
https://www.nationalgeographic.....com/culture/article
https://geohistory.today/mongo....l-empire-effects-rus

Myanmar:
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-....factbook/countries/b
https://www.bbc.com/news/world....-asia-pacific-129928
https://www.newmandala.org/col....onialism-and-ethnic-
https://newint.org/features/2008/04/18/history/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Myanmar

Thailand
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-....factbook/countries/t
https://arrow.tudublin.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1140&context=dgs

Qing Dynasty
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty

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#CrashCourse #Geography #Colonization

Today we conclude our unit on Philosophy of Religion and Hank gets a little help from Indiana Jones to explain religious pragmatism and Pascal’s Wager, fideism, and Kierkegaard’s leap to faith.

--

“Indiana Jones” © Copyright Walt Disney Studios
All other images and video via VideoBlocks or Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Crash Course Philosophy is sponsored by Squarespace.
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Next stop in our tour of your sensory systems? VISION. With a little help from an optical illusion, we take a look inside your eyes to try to figure out how your sense of vision works -- and how it can be tricked.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
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Chapters:
Introduction: Optical Illusions 00:00
How Does Light Work? 1:31
Structure of the Eye 2:31
Layers of the Eye: Fibrous, Vascular, and Inner Layers 3:33
The Retina 4:56
Rods and Cones 6:07
How do Optical Illusions Work? 7:15
Review 8:33
Credits 9:14

***
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***
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This week Hank introduces skepticism, exploring everything from the nature of reality through the eyes of a 17th century philosopher and, of course, The Matrix.

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PBS Digital Studios wants to get to know you better! If you have 10 minutes, we'd really appreciate it AND you'll be entered for a chance to win a t-shirt! https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/pbsds2016

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Images and video via VideoBlocks or Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons by 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

"The Matrix" stills copyright 1999 Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc.

“Crowd with Violin Playing” by Freesound user alukahn: http://freesound.org/people/alukahn/sounds/144139/


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Even though you probably don't choose to spend a lot of time thinking about it, your pee is kind of a big deal. Today we're talking about the anatomy of your urinary system, and how your kidneys filter metabolic waste and balance salt and water concentrations in the blood. We'll cover how nephrons use glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion to reabsorb water and nutrients back into the blood, and make urine with the leftovers.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

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Chapters:
Introduction: Urinary System 00:00
What Do Kidneys Do? 1:25
Urinary System Structure 3:02
Nephrons 4:13
Glomerular Filtration 4:37
Tubular Reabsorption 5:14
Tubular Secretion 8:17
Urine 8:40
Review 9:10

***

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Fatima Iqbal, Penelope Flagg, Eugenia Karlson, Alex S, Jirat, Tim Curwick, Christy Huddleston, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Today I Found Out, Avi Yashchin, Chris Peters, Eric Knight, Jacob Ash, Simun Niclasen, Jan Schmid, Elliot Beter, Sandra Aft, SR Foxley, Ian Dundore, Daniel Baulig, Jason A Saslow, Robert Kunz, Jessica Wode, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Christian, Caleb Weeks, Jeffrey Thompson, James Craver, and Markus Persson

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Metabolism is a complex process that has a lot more going on than personal trainers and commercials might have you believe. Today we are exploring some of its key parts, including vital nutrients -- such as water, vitamins, minerals, carbs, fats, and proteins -- as well as how anabolic reactions build structures and require energy, while catabolic reactions tear things apart and release energy.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

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--

Chapters:
Introduction: Metabolism 00:00
Metabolism, Anabolism, & Catabolism 2:30
Essential Nutrients: Water, Vitamins, Minerals 3:47
Carbohydrates 4:44
Lipids 5:53
Proteins 7:15
Review 9:22
Credits 9:57

***

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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark , Elliot Beter, Moritz Schmidt, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Jacob Ash, Jessica Wode, Today I Found Out, Christy Huddleston, James Craver, Chris Peters, SR Foxley, Steve Marshall, Simun Niclasen, Eric Kitchen, Robert Kunz, Avi Yashchin, Jason A Saslow, Jan Schmid, Daniel Baulig, Christian , Anna-Ester Volozh

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In English, we have 5 (well, sometimes 6) vowel letters, but way more vowel sounds. That’s where the IPA can help us! In this episode of Crash Course Linguistics, we’ll learn about vowels, those sounds you can sing with your mouth open, and how we can represent them clearly using the IPA.

Want even more linguistics? Check out the Lingthusiasm podcast, hosted by the writers of Crash Course Linguistics: https://lingthusiasm.com/

***
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Hank resists the urge to devour a slice of pizza so that he can walk you through the way we experience our major special senses. It all boils down to one thing: sensory cells translate chemical, electromagnetic, and mechanical stimuli into action potentials that our nervous system can make sense of. Today we're focusing on smell (olfaction) and taste (gustation), which are chemical senses that call on chemoreceptors. As usual, we'll begin with a quick look at how these things can go wrong.

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Chapters:
Introduction: Anosmia 00:00
How Smell Works 2:13
Olfactory Epithelium 2:47
Olfactory Sensory Neurons 3:19
Glomerulus 3:47
How the Brain Processes Smell 4:48
How Taste Works 6:19
What Are Taste Buds (Taste Receptor Epithelial Cells)? 6:40
Types of Taste Receptor Epithelial Cells: Gustatory and Basal 7:53
How Different Tastants are Sensed 8:37
Review 9:28
Credits 10:05

***

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***
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So, we've been putting off a kind of basic question here. What is money? What is currency? How are the two different. Well, not to give away too much, but money has a few basic functions. It acts as a store of value, a medium of exchange, and as a unit of account. Money isn't just bills and coins. It can be anything that meets these three criteria. In US prisons, apparently, pouches of Mackerel are currency. Yes, mackerel the fish. Paper and coins work as money because they're backed by the government, which is an advantage over mackerel. So, once you've got money, you need finance. We'll talk about borrowing, lending, interest, and stocks and bonds. Also, this episode features a giant zucchini, which Adriene grew in her garden. So that's cool.

Special thanks to Dave Hunt for permission to use his PiPhone video. this guy really did make an artisanal smartphone! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8eaiNsFhtI8
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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Fatima Iqbal, Penelope Flagg, Eugenia Karlson, Alex S, Jirat, Tim Curwick, Christy Huddleston, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Today I Found Out, Avi Yashchin, Chris Peters, Eric Knight, Jacob Ash, Simun Niclasen, Jan Schmid, Elliot Beter, Sandra Aft, SR Foxley, Ian Dundore, Daniel Baulig, Jason A Saslow, Robert Kunz, Jessica Wode, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Christian, Caleb Weeks, Jeffrey Thompson, James Craver, and Markus Persson

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Today Phil’s explaining the stars and how they can be categorized using their spectra. Together with their distance, this provides a wealth of information about them including their luminosity, size, and temperature. The HR diagram plots stars’ luminosity versus temperature and most stars fall along the main sequence, where they live most of their lives.


Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron

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Chapters:
Introduction: Stars 00:00
Stellar Spectra 1:07
Star Classifications 3:03
Why Are There No Green Stars? 4:00
Luminosity Depends on Size and Temperature 5:27
The HR Diagram 6:33
Main Sequence Stars 7:27
Other Stars on the HR Diagram 8:17
Review 9:50
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PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

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PHOTOS/VIDEOS
Stars http://www.nasa.gov/images/con....tent/703724main_potw [credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA]
Spitzer Spectrum http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spacei....mages/details.php?id [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Leiden/SRON]
Sun spectrum https://www.noao.edu/image_gal....lery/html/im0600.htm [credit: N.A.Sharp, NOAO/NSO/Kitt Peak FTS/AURA/NSF]
Annie Jump Cannon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Annie_Jump_Cannon#/m [credit: New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper]
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Cecilia_Payne-Gaposc [credit: Smithsonian Institution]
OBAFGKM https://www.noao.edu/image_gal....lery/html/im0649.htm [credit: NOAO/AURA/NSF]
Betelgeuse http://www.eso.org/public/usa/images/eso0927e/ [credit: ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2. Acknowledgment: Davide De Martin]
Sirius https://www.nasa.gov/multimedi....a/imagegallery/image [credit: NASA, ESA, H. Bond (STScI) and M. Barstow (University of Leicester)]
Solar AM0 spectrum with visible spectrum background https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Solar_AM0_ [credit: Danmichaelo, Wikimedia Commons]
Blue sky http://www.pexels.com/photo/sk....y-sunny-clouds-cloud [credit: Skitter Photo]
Hawaii sunset photo [credit: Phil Plait]
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:ESO_-_Hert [credit: ESO]

Hank and his brother John discuss heredity via the gross example of relative ear wax moistness.

This video uses sounds from Freesound.org.

References:
http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de..../en/research/project
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/her_ari.html
http://www.universityofcalifor....nia.edu/news/article
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01..../29/science/29cnd-ea
http://udel.edu/~mcdonald/mythearwax.html

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Energy is like the bestest best friend ever and yet, most of the time we take it for granted. Hank feels bad for our friend and wants us to learn more about it so that we can understand what it's trying to tell us - like that any bond between two atoms contains energy. How much energy? That's not the simplest question to answer, but today Hank will answer it (kinda), by teaching us about a nifty little thing called enthalpy.

If you are paying attention to this episode you'll learn what the state function is, and how it varies from a path-dependent function; why enthalpy change is different from heat; that bonds are energy and to form and break them they release and absorb heat to and from their environment. You'll get the quickest introduction to calorimetry ever (more on that in upcoming episodes) and learn the power of Hess's Law and how to use Germain Hess's concept of the standard enthalpy of formation to calculate exactly how much heat is produced by any chemical reaction.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

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Table of Contents
State Function 1:50
Path-Dependent Function 1:15
Enthalpy 2:58
Bonds are Energy 5:10
Colorimetry 5:36
Hess' Law 6:19
Standard Enthalpy of Formation 7:24

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This week Craig Benzine talks about how the President gets things done. Filling the role of the Executive Branch is a pretty big job - much too big for just one person. It's so big that the President employs an entire federal bureaucracy! Today, we’re just going to focus on those closest to the President, like the Vice President, the Cabinet, and the Executive Office of the President. We’ll figure out which strategy is most useful in helping the President make things happen and we’ll discuss the controversy around the President’s gradual increase in power. Oh, and as many of you noticed - last episode eagle got off too easy. Let’s see if we can make it up to you.

Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org

Chapters:
Introduction: Governing 00:00
Who makes up the Executive Branch? 0:36
Who makes up the Executive Office of the President? 1:36
Independent agencies & government corporations 2:35
How the President can use party leadership to govern 3:57
How the President can use the media to shift public opinion 5:00
How the President can use administrative strategy to govern 5:29
Why Presidents rely on administrative strategies 7:19
Credits 8:50

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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