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Huge Underground Ocean Discovered Deep Beneath Earth Teacherflix 2 Views • 7 months ago

Mysterious New Lights Detected in the Northern Sky Teacherflix 2 Views • 7 months ago

🌌 Recently, scientists have detected strange new lights in the northern sky — and they don’t fully understand what’s causing them. At first glance, they might look like auroras, but these lights behave differently. They flicker, stretch, and even appear in areas where auroras aren’t usually seen. Some researchers think they could be linked to unusual solar activity, while others suspect new atmospheric phenomena we’ve never recorded before.

Credits: Solar Cycle 25: By NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio - Global Science and Technology, Inc./Tom Bridgman, eMITS/Joy Ng, ADNET Systems, Inc./Laurence Schuler, ADNET Systems, Inc./Ian Jones - https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5344, https://short-url.org/1gvyW
Solar Maximum: By NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio - eMITS/Beth Anthony - https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14685, https://short-url.org/1bQgJ
CC BY 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0:
Neowise, Aurora February: By Rocky Raybell - https://flic.kr/p/2jmh8MR, https://short-url.org/1bQgO; https://flic.kr/p/2ojbUXj, https://short-url.org/1gvzb
SAR arc and aurora: By Mike Lewinski - https://short-url.org/1gvAe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/:
Aurora Borealis I: By Arctic light - Frank Olsen, https://short-url.org/1gvzt; CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0:
Multicolored aurora borealis: By W.carter, https://short-url.org/1bQkc
Northern Lights timelapse: By KristianPikner, https://short-url.org/1gvC8
CC BY-SA 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0:
Northern Lights meet sunset: By Markus Trienke - https://flic.kr/p/rup1Yt, https://short-url.org/1gvCf
CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0:
Northern Lights: By Chursaev13, https://short-url.org/1gvCM; Aurora with STEVE: By Phiteros, https://short-url.org/1gvAl; Kitt Peak National Observatory: By NOIRLab/NSF/AURA - https://noirlab.edu/public/images/noao-00343, https://short-url.org/1gvCn
Aurora Australis: By NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio - Global Science and Technology, Inc./Marit Jentoft-Nilsen - https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/31281, https://short-url.org/1bQhr; Aurora Named STEVE: By NASA Goddard Space Flight Center - https://flic.kr/p/H3ttMY, https://short-url.org/1bQip
NASA Spacecraft Uncover Mystery. By NASA Goddard / YouTube, https://short-url.org/1gvAM;
Third Global Energy Field 1, 2: By NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio - KBR Wyle Services, LLC/Lacey Young, Telophase/Miles S. Hatfield, ADNET Systems, Inc./Rachel Lense, Catholic University of America/Glyn Collinson, KBR Wyle Services, LLC/Krystofer Kim, ARES Corporation/Wes Buchanan - https://short-url.org/1gvzZ; https://short-url.org/1bQhO
TRACERS Science Animations: By NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio - eMITS/Adriana Manrique Gutierrez, ARES Corporation/Wes Buchanan, ADNET Systems, Inc./Aaron E. Lepsch, eMITS/Lacey Young, eMITS/Joy Ng, NASA/Hyunju Connor - https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20404, https://short-url.org/1gvAz
NASA's Illuminate Series: By NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio - “Clair De Lune Lofi” by Claude Debussy [DP], Sol Terrae [PRS] via Universal Production Music. Aurora imagery provided by: Neil Zeller Photography, used with permission. Additional graphics - https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14779; https://short-url.org/1bQii
New Magnetic Process: By NASA Goddard / YouTube, https://short-url.org/1bQix;
Geomagnetic Storm: By NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio - SSAI/Andrew J Christensen, Global Science and Technology, Inc./Tom Bridgman, ADNET Systems, Inc./Laurence Schuler, ADNET Systems, Inc./Ian Jones, Johns Hopkins University/APL/Slava Merkin, Johns Hopkins University/APL/Eric L. Winter - https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5193, https://short-url.org/1gvAZ
Large Geomagnetic Storm: By NOAA - https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/ne....ws/large-geomagnetic https://short-url.org/1gvB8
What is Plasma: By NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio - KBR Wyle Services, LLC/Beth Anthony, Wyle Information Systems/Mara Johnson-Groh, ADNET Systems, Inc./Genna Duberstein - https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14299, https://short-url.org/1bQiS
Faint Young Star Paradox: By NASA Goddard / YouTube, https://short-url.org/1gvBm
Solar Maximum Period: By NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio - eMITS/Beth Anthony, ADNET Systems, Inc./Abbey A. Interrante, SGT/Sarah Frazier - https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14683, https://short-url.org/1gvBy
Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer: By NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio - Beth Anthony - https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14542, https://short-url.org/1gvBC
Animation is created by Bright Side.

Is This What Quantum Mechanics Looks Like? Teacherflix 2 Views • 7 months ago

Silicone oil droplets provide a physical realization of pilot wave theories.
Check out Smarter Every Day: http://bit.ly/VeSmarter
Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://bit.ly/VePatreon

Huge thanks to:
Dr. Stephane Perrard, Dr Matthieu Labousse, Pr Emmanuel Fort, Pr Yves Couder and their group site http://dualwalkers.com/
Prof. John Bush: http://math.mit.edu/~bush/
Dr. Daniel Harris
Prof. Stephen Bartlett
Looking Glass Universe: http://bit.ly/LGUVe
Workgroup Bohemian Mechanics: http://www.mathematik.uni-muenchen.de/~bohmmech/
Filmed by Raquel Nuno

Thanks to Patreon supporters:
Nathan Hansen, Bryan Baker, Donal Botkin, Tony Fadell, Saeed Alghamdi

Thanks to Google Making and Science for helping me pursue my #sciencegoals. If you want to try this experiment, instructions are here: link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12650-016-0383-5

The standard theory of quantum mechanics leaves a bit to be desired. As Richard Feynman put it, "I think I can safely say that no one understands quantum mechanics." This is because observations of experiments have led us to a theory that contradicts common sense. The wave function contains all the information that is knowable about a particle, yet it can only be used to calculate probabilities of where a particle will likely turn up. It can't give us an actual account of where the particle went or where it will be at some later time.

Some have suggested that this theory is incomplete. Maybe something is going on beneath the radar of standard quantum theory and somehow producing the appearance of randomness and uncertainty without actually being random or uncertain. Theories of this sort are called hidden variable theories because they propose entities that aren't observable. One such theory is pilot wave theory, first proposed by de Broglie, but later developed by Bohm. The idea here is that a particle oscillates, creating a wave. It then interacts with the wave and this complex interaction determines its motion.

Experiments using silicone oil droplets on a vibrating bath provide a remarkable physical realization of pilot wave theories. They give us a physical picture of what the quantum world might look like if this is what's going on - and this theory is still deterministic. The particle is never in two places at once and there is no randomness.

Edited by Robert Dahlem

Sound design by A Shell in the Pit

Does Water Swirl the Other Way in the Southern Hemisphere? Teacherflix 2 Views • 7 months ago

The definitive answer about the direction water swirls in two hemispheres
Sync the videos yourself: http://toiletswirl.com

For the record Destin and I repeated the experiment 3-4 times each in each hemisphere and got the same results every time.

The idea that water going down a drain or flushed down a toilet swirls in opposite directions in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres has a long history. But few have ever done the experiment. Destin from Smarter Every Day and I performed identical experiments in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. What we found is the direction of water swirl in a toilet, sink, or bathtub is determined by other sources of angular momentum. However if the body of water is big enough, e.g. a kiddy pool, and left still for long enough (at least 24 hours), then the Coriolis effect is observable with water swirling counterclockwise in the Northern hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern hemisphere.

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Smarter Every Day Instagram: http://instagram.com/smartereveryday
Patreon Support Link: http://www.patreon.com/smartereveryday
Twitter: http://twitter.com/smartereveryday
www.facebook.com/SmarterEveryDay

Gordon McGladdery did all of the sound design for the video. We used two songs from other artists (licensed of course). Derek split the first one up so it fades from video to video, and Gordon split the instruments up on the second one. There are violins on one video and percussion on the other for example. It's really neat.

The neat earth animation at the beginning and the synchronizing timer was made by http://eisenfeuer.com/. He also made still images of the earth from the top and the bottom.

Thanks to Vanessa for filming in Sydney: http://youtube.com/braincraftvideo

MORE INFO:

There was a study performed at MIT years ago (http://web.mit.edu/hml/ncfmf/09VOR.pdf) that explained the physics involved. We repeated some of these demonstrations, but on opposite sides of the globe…and in a way that can be easily understood.
This site is a great resource on the Coriolis effect and ways people have gotten it wrong:
http://www.ems.psu.edu/~fraser/Bad/Ba...

What if a star explodes near Earth? Teacherflix 2 Views • 7 months ago

People have witnessed supernovae for millennia, but what threat do they pose to life on Earth? This video is sponsored by Brilliant. You can get started for free, or the first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription.

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A massive thanks to Prof. Hans-Thomas Janka for helping us with the physics of supernovae and GRBs. A massive thanks to Prof. Brian Thomas for all of his help with the terrestrial effects of supernovae and GRBs. This video would not have been possible without them. Also thanks to Dr. Luke Barnes for his initial help with the literature search.

Hydrogen bomb vs Supernova fact was taken from this great article by xkcd/Randall Munroe – https://what-if.xkcd.com/73/ (based on the calculation by Andrew Karam, 2002)

Cosmic bubble footage from
https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/ne....ws/1000-light-year-w

Neutrino driven SN explosion simulations from https://iopscience.iop.org/art....icle/10.1088/2041-82

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References:

Melott, A. et al. (2019). Hypothesis: Muon radiation dose and marine megafaunal extinction at the End-Pliocene supernova. Astrobiology, 19(6), 825-830. – https://ve42.co/Melott1

Thomas, B. C. et al. (2016). Terrestrial effects of nearby supernovae in the early Pleistocene. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 826(1), L3 – https://ve42.co/Thomas1

Melott, A. L., & Thomas, B. C. (2019). From cosmic explosions to terrestrial fires?. The Journal of Geology, 127(4), 475-481. – https://ve42.co/Melott2

Fields, B. et al. (2019). Near-Earth supernova explosions: Evidence, implications, and opportunities. arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.04589. – https://ve42.co/Fields1

Thomas, B. C., Atri, D., & Melott, A. L. (2021). Gamma-ray bursts: not so much deadlier than we thought. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 500(2), 1970-1973. – https://ve42.co/Thomas2

Melott, A. et al. (2004). Did a gamma-ray burst initiate the late Ordovician mass extinction?. International Journal of Astrobiology, 3(1), 55-61. – https://ve42.co/Melott3

Firestone, R. B. (2014). Observation of 23 supernovae that exploded less than 300 pc from Earth during the past 300 kyr. The Astrophysical Journal, 789(1), 29. – https://ve42.co/firestone1

Janka, H. T. (2017). Neutrino emission from supernovae. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.08713. – https://ve42.co/Janka1

Janka, H. T., & Hillebrandt, W. (1989). Neutrino emission from type II supernovae-an analysis of the spectra. Astronomy and astrophysics, 224, 49-56. – https://ve42.co/Janka2

Janka, H. T. (2017). Neutrino-driven explosions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.08825. – https://ve42.co/Janka3

Karam, P. A. (2002). Gamma and neutrino radiation dose from gamma ray bursts and nearby supernovae. Health physics, 82(4), 491-499. – https://ve42.co/Karam1

Melott, A. L., Thomas, et al.. (2017). A supernova at 50 pc: effects on the Earth's atmosphere and biota. The Astrophysical Journal, 840(2), 105. – https://ve42.co/Melott4

Ludwig, P., et al. (2016). Time-resolved 2-million-year-old supernova activity discovered in Earth’s microfossil record. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(33), 9232-9237. – https://ve42.co/Ludwig1

Gritschneder, et al. (2011). The supernova triggered formation and enrichment of our solar system. The Astrophysical Journal, 745(1), 22. – https://ve42.co/Gritschneder1

Motizuki, Y., Takahashi, et al. (2009). An Antarctic ice core recording both supernovae and solar cycles. arXiv preprint arXiv:0902.3446. – https://ve42.co/Motizuki

Zucker, C. et al. (2022). Star formation near the Sun is driven by expansion of the Local Bubble. Nature, 601(7893), 334-337. – https://ve42.co/Zucker1

Hirata, K. et al.(1987). Observation of a neutrino burst from the supernova SN1987A. – https://ve42.co/Hirata1

Hayes, L. A., & Gallagher, P. T. (2022). A Significant Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance Associated with Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 221009A. Research Notes of the AAS, 6(10), 222.

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James Sanger, Louis Lebbos, Elliot Miller, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, John Kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Mike Schneider, John Bauer, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Sunil Nagaraj, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi

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Written by Petr Lebedev & Derek Muller
Edited by Fabio Albertelli
Animation by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Alex Drakoulis, Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, and Charlie Davies
Filmed by Derek Muller
Additional Research by Kovi Rose & Katie Barnshaw
Video/photos supplied by NASA, ESA, Pond5, and Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang

The Strange Math That Predicts (Almost) Anything Teacherflix 2 Views • 7 months ago

How a feud in Russia led to modern prediction algorithms.
👉 To try everything Brilliant has to offer for free for a full 30 days, visit https://brilliant.org/veritasium. You’ll also get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

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A huge thank you to Brian Hayes, David Aldous, Geoff Engelstein, Jeffrey Rosenthal, Jimmy He, Mark Priestley, Michael Choi, Peter Norvig, Sam Power, and Thomas Haigh for their invaluable expertise and contributions to this video.

And a special thank you to Madeline Johnson for her excellent fact-checking.

▀▀▀
0:00 The Law of Large Numbers
4:37 What is a Markov Chain?
9:43 Ulam and Solitaire
12:21 Nuclear Fission
15:46 The Monte Carlo Method
16:32 The first search engines
19:07 Google is born
25:16 How does predictive text work?
27:10 Are Markov chains memoryless?
29:41 How to perfectly shuffle a deck of cards

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References:
https://ve42.co/RefsMarkov

Images & Video:
https://ve42.co/7Z

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Ibby Hadeed, JT, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Meekay, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

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Writers: Kaela Albert, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Producer & Director: Kaela Albert
Editors: Peter Nelson & Jack Saxon
Camera Operators: Gabe Strong, Gregor Cavlovic & Derek Muller
Animator: Andrew neet, Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli & Ivy Trello
Illustrator: Caine Esperanzo, Jakub Misiek & Maria Gustanovich
Assistant Editor: James Stuart
Researchers: Darius Garewal, Gabe Strong & Emilia Gyles
Thumbnail Designers: Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team: Rob Beasley Spence, Casper Mebius, Sulli Yost and Henry Van Dyck
Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5 and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

Do people understand the scale of the universe? Teacherflix 2 Views • 7 months ago

Do you really know how big the universe is? There’s a data driven way to read the news: go to https://ground.news/veritasium to get 30% off the Vantage plan and see through sensationalized reporting.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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A huge thank you to Dr. Ashmeet Singh for his expert feedback on this video.

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References:
Fun video by RealLifeLore about the scale of the Universe - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iy7NzjCmUf0&pp=ygUkcmVhbCBsaWZlIGxvcmUgc2NhbGUgb2YgdGhlIHVuaXZlcnNl
Moon Facts via NASA - https://ve42.co/NASAMoon
Titan Facts via NASA - https://ve42.co/Titan
Mercury Facts via NASA - https://ve42.co/Mercury
Why Pluto is no Longer a Planet, BBC News via YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIk29MnzZWA&pp=ygUYcGx1dG8gbm8gbG9uZ2VyIGEgcGxhbmV0
Pluto, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiPluto
Eris, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiEris
Brown, M. E., & Schaller, E. L. (2007). The mass of dwarf planet Eris. Science, 316(5831), 1585-1585. - https://ve42.co/Brown2007
Trans-Neptunian object, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiTNO
IAU 2006 General Assembly Press Release, via IAU - https://ve42.co/IAU2006
Solar System Moons via NASA - https://ve42.co/NASAMoons
Solar System Asteroids via NASA - https://ve42.co/Asteroids
Solar System, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiSolarSystem
How many stars are in the Universe via ESA - https://ve42.co/ESAStars
Catalog of Exoplanets via exoplanet - https://ve42.co/ExoplanetCatalog
Crowther, T. W., Glick, H. B., Covey, K. R., Bettigole, C., Maynard, D. S., Thomas, S. M., ... & Bradford, M. A. (2015). Mapping tree density at a global scale. Nature, 525(7568), 201-205. - https://ve42.co/Crowther2015
Galaxy, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiGalaxy
Counting Galaxies with the Hubble Space Telescope via NASA - https://ve42.co/CountingGalaxies
Conselice, C. J., Wilkinson, A., Duncan, K., & Mortlock, A. (2016). The evolution of galaxy number density at z8 and its implications. The Astrophysical Journal, 830(2), 83. - https://ve42.co/Conselice2016
Sagan, C., & Druyan, A. (2011). Pale blue dot: A vision of the human future in space. Ballantine books.

Images & Video:
Clip of Titan’s Surface, NASA via YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xn3-0a19sC8
Clips of Pluto Had it Coming, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert via YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5nqT7XrYRPc
Image of Solar System Objects - https://ve42.co/SolarSystemObjects

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Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

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Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius and Derek Muller
Additional research & fact checking by Gregor Čavlović
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Ivy Tello and Alondra Vitae
Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno and Zyan Treadwell
Produced by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius and Han Evans

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, StoryBlocks and by courtesy of NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/SDO, NASA JPL, NASA/JPL-Caltech NASA GSFC, NASA HQ, NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio, NCSA, A. Kritsuk, M. Norman

Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Peter Sheppard

Exposing Why Farmers Can't Legally Replant Their Own Seeds Teacherflix 2 Views • 7 months ago

This is the history of Monsanto’s herbicides… Sponsored by Incogni - Use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off.

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

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A huge thank you to Carey Gillam at the New Lede, Nathan Donley at the Center for Biological Diversity, and Bart Elmore at Ohio State University for their time and expertise on the topic.

A very special thank you to Prof. Dr. András Székács at the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences

Check out Carey Gillam’s books here — https://ve42.co/Gillam
Check out Bart Elmore’s book here — https://ve42.co/SeedMoney

The opening music track “Another Offering” is from https://audiomachine.com/

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0:00 An Unusual Enemy
5:18 Monsanto’s Secret Poison Problem
11:17 Vietnam and Agent Orange
14:08 Roundup
19:31 How Monsanto Controls Seeds
26:06 The Crop Mafia
31:10 The Monsanto Papers
41:18 How dangerous is Roundup really?

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References:

References can be found here - https://ve42.co/MonsantoReferences

Images & Video:

Image and video references can be found here - https://ve42.co/MonsantoVisuals

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, JT, Juan Benet, Justin Waters, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures and wolfee

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Writers: Gregor Čavlović, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Producer & Director: Gregor Čavlović
Editor: Spencer Wright & Peter Nelson
Camera Operators: Gregor Čavlović, Henry van Dyck & Casper Mebius
Animators: Allama Nandi, Andrew Neet, Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Rokas Viksraitis & Saif Javed
Illustrators: Jakub Misiek, Maria Gusakovich, Veronika Pasynkova, Grace Nemanic, Isaac McRee, Nataly Zhuk & Hollisstudioo
Assistant Editor: James Stuart & Fabio Albertelli
Assistant Writer: Daniel Leonard
Sound Designer: Pavle Peric
Researchers: Callum Cuttle, Aakash Singh Bagga, Gabe Strong & HyoJeong Choi
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team: Josh Pitt, Nicola Griffiths, Matthew Cavanagh, Rob Beasley Spence & Zoe Heron
Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

The Biggest Misconception in Physics Teacherflix 2 Views • 7 months ago

Why does energy disappear in General Relativity? 👉 Use code VERITASIUM to get 50% off your first monthly KiwiCo Crate! https://www.kiwico.com/VERITASIUM

Try Snatoms! A molecular modelling kit I invented where the atoms snap together.
https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

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A huge thank you to Prof. Geraint Lewis, Prof. Melissa Franklin, Prof. David Kaiser, Elba Alonso-Monsalve, Richard Behiel, Prof. Leo Stein and Jakob Schwintenberg for their invaluable expertise and contributions to this video.

Special thanks to Alessandro from ScienceClic for his help on animations and input on the script. Check out his excellent video on Noether’s theorem here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hF_uHfSoOGA

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0:00 What is symmetry?
4:25 Emmy Noether and Einstein
7:33 General Covariance
11:59 The Principle of Least Action
15:29 Noether’s First Theorem
18:24 The Continuity Equation
23:20 Escape from Germany
24:49 The Standard Model - Higgs and Quarks

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References:
MathHistory Biography - Emmy Amalie Noether via mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk - https://ve42.co/BioNoether
Bartlett, J. G. (2021). The Standard Cosmological Model and CMB Anisotropies. New Astron.Rev. 43 (1999) 83-109 - https://ve42.co/CosmoCMB
Kimberling, C. (1982). Emmy Noether, Greatest Woman Mathematician. Mathematics Teacher, March 1982, Volume 84, Number 3, pp. 246–249. - https://ve42.co/NoetherGreat
Blunck, A., et al. (2016). Mathematik und Gender. Verlag Franzbecker - https://ve42.co/MathGender
Evans, R. J. (1976). The Feminist movement in Germany, 1894-1933. Sage Publications - https://ve42.co/FeministGer
Without Emmy Noether, there would be a huge gap in mathematics and its understanding via www.mpg.de - https://ve42.co/NoetherGap
Dihedral group of order 6 via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Dihedral6
Emmy Noether University of Erlangen via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Erlangen
Timeline of women in mathematics via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WomenMath
Elizaveta Litvinova via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/LitvinovaE
Sofya Kovalevskaya via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/KovalevskayaS
Charlotte Scott via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/ScottC
Cornelia Fabri via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/FabriC
Emmy Noether, the renowned mathematician who taught 20 years of unpaid classes just because she was a woman via english.elpais.com - https://ve42.co/NoetherPay
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Additional References:
https://ve42.co/NoethersAdRefs

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