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My ode to space exploration and Discovery... Galileo would have made a great astronaut.

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Why do we go to space? In the beginning of our space program, the answer had a lot to do with war and paranoia. But with the dawn of the space shuttle, that all changed. Where do we go from here?

Special thanks to the National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center for letting us hang out with the shuttle Discovery
Link to the interactive Mars panorama as seen on my phone: http://bit.ly/16ttUwr

Historical footage via NASA
Music: "Divider" by Chris Zabriskie
http://freemusicarchive.org/mu....sic/Chris_Zabriskie/

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

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You can learn more about your personal DNA story by going to https://23andMe.com/okay

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Why do we love people we're related to? Compared to strangers, why do we feel such a deep sense of connection with our family members? Sure, they're nice to us, we take care of each other, and we often live with them, but there has to be a deeper biological reason. That reason, unsurprisingly is evolution. In this video, I explain why taking care of our family, or even dying for them, makes sense in the eyes of evolution.

SOURCES:
This video covers more than a half century of evolutionary biology theory and observation, but here's some reading if you'd like to learn more:

Dawkins, Richard. (1976) "The Selfish Gene" http://amzn.to/2Dhd257

Fisher, R. A. (1930). "The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection" http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/880368061

Haldane, J.B.S. (1932). "The Causes of Evolution." London: Longmans, Green & Co.

Hamilton, W. D. (1963). "The evolution of altruistic behavior." The American Naturalist, 97(896), 354-356.

Hamilton, W. D. (1964). "The genetical evolution of social behaviour I." Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7(1), 1-16.


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It's Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Stephanie Keep
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A giant asteroid took out the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. Could a big meteor hit Earth again? And if we find one coming our way, how can we use science to avoid a deadly asteroid or meteorite impact?

Want to wear your love for science? We’ve got merch: http://dftba.com/besmart

References/Learn More:

Impact Earth! Simulator: https://www.purdue.edu/impactearth/

Thanks to Destin for letting us use a clip from Smarter Every Day #84! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NLBtZKx2cA

National Academies report: “Defending Earth” https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12....842/defending-planet

3D asteroid simulation www.asterank.com/3d/

NASA’s near-Earth object program http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/

Facts about asteroids from NASA http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pa....ges/asteroids/overvi

Great meteor/meteorite FAQ http://www.amsmeteors.org/mete....or-showers/meteor-fa

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Ever wonder why you have thumbs?

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The human hand, with its multi-talented thumb, might be man's greatest tool. But did you know we can trace that thumb, and the hand and arm it's connected to, all the way back to a 375 million-year-old fish named Tiktaalik?

This week I sit down with paleontologist and geneticist Dr. Neil Shubin to learn what a fish, and a little blue hedgehog, can teach us about the evolution of thumbs.

Be sure to watch Neil Shubin's special 3-part series "Your Inner Fish" on your local PBS station, premiering Wednesday, April 9 at 10 PM Eastern!
http://www.pbs.org/your-inner-fish/home/

Also check out Neil's book "Your Inner Fish": http://amzn.to/1ssBCFt

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
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Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
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Music:
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Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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“In Our Nature” is a NEW special limited series on It’s Okay To Be Smart!
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Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 2, we study the complex family relationships of elephants in Africa’s Serengeti plains and how their shared knowledge can help them survive. Then we travel to San Francisco to discover how the intricate songs of birds have changed in the face of our own culture. How common is culture in the animal kingdom? And what role does it play in the survival of species?

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....in-our-nature-episod

00:00 Intro
00:45 What is culture?
02:42 Do animals have culture?
03:33 Serengeti: Culture in African elephants
14:18 San Francisco: Culture in urban songbirds
23:34 Conclusion

In Our Nature is a special miniseries produced by It’s Okay To Be Smart for PBS. Stay tuned for more episodes coming this summer, here on our YouTube channel!

Original Production Funding provided by: Anne Ray Foundation, a Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropy

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Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 3, we look at ecosystems at their largest and smallest scales of time and size from the Serengeti to Andrews Experimental Forestin Oregon. How does the cycling of nutrients and molecules make life possible on Earth? Who are these recyclers and scavengers? Sometimes this recycling happens fast and violently, and sometimes it happens slow and beautifully.

In Our Nature is a special miniseries produced by It’s Okay To Be Smart for PBS. Stay tuned for more episodes coming this summer, here on our YouTube channel!

Original Production Funding provided by: Anne Ray Foundation, a Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropy

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It’s one of the most annoying sensations our bodies can feel, but does anything feel better than when you scratch an itch? Ok, maybe *some* things. But itching and scratching are up there. How does this weird sensation work? And what is itching for?

References: http://bit.ly/2IiIqWn

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Kimberly McCoy
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A massive new study has just been released showing that human activities are threatening Earth’s other life forms in some very bad ways. One million species may be at risk of extinction. Just let that sink in. Isn’t the Anthropocene awesome? Check out the study below to learn more and find out how we can stop it. #anthropocene #extinction #nature

REFERENCES:

IPBES Biodiversity Global Assessment Report https://www.dropbox.com/sh/yd8....l2v0u4jqptp3/AAACtf6

Information on the IPBES Biodiversity Report https://www.ipbes.net/news/Med....ia-Release-Global-As

IPBES Summary for Policymakers: https://www.ipbes.net/sites/de....fault/files/download

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There’s been a lot of talk on YouTube lately about ocean plastic pollution and #TeamSeas. But there hasn’t been enough talk about the **ridiculously unthinkable scale of the ocean plastic pollution problem** or how it intersects with other environmental issues like climate change. And here’s a big spoiler alert: Nearly all environmental scientists agree that ocean plastic pollution isn’t a problem we can clean our way out of. So what CAN we do? That’s what this video is about.

Detailed references and annotations: https://sites.google.com/view/....besmart-plasticpollu

We’d like to thank the following researchers for helpful interviews and background materials for this episode:

Winnie Lau - Pew Charitable Trusts
Dr. Max Liboiron - Civic Laboratory for Environmental Action Research (CLEAR)
Dr. Miriam Goldstein

0:00 Intro
1:21 History of plastic
2:59 How much plastic are we making?
4:28 Plastic is petroleum
5:29 How much plastic is in the ocean?
7:38 How plastic gets to the ocean
9:09 Can we clean our way out of this?
10:30 The ACTUAL solutions
13:09 Final thoughts


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Download iNaturalist to join the It’s Okay to be Smart global survey project and submit your observations! https://www.inaturalist.org/pr....ojects/it-s-okay-to-

Learn more about iNaturalist and citizen science: https://www.inaturalist.org/

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Comic book heroes ain't got nothin' on evolution.

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Evolution has come up with some pretty amazing ways to get things done when it comes to animals, plants and microbes. From radiation-resistant bacteria (like Dr. Manhattan) to geckos who climb glass using atomic adhesion (like Spider-Man) to a shrimp that can shoot a bubble the temperature of the sun (like Aquaman), nature is pretty super!

Watch more YouTube Geek Week videos at http://youtube.com/geekweek

Clips from this episode: http://bit.ly/15aWwcF

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)

Special thanks to Dragon's Lair Comics & Fantasy in Austin, TX

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No Sandra Bullocks were harmed in the making of this video.
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Window chip in the ISS: http://www.esa.int/spaceinimag....es/Images/2016/05/Im
The extent of space debris: http://www.esa.int/spaceinvide....os/Videos/2013/04/Sp
Where did all that debris come from? http://blogs.scientificamerica....n.com/guest-blog/whe
USSTRATCOM space surveillance fact sheet: https://www.stratcom.mil/facts....heets/11/Space_Contr
This is cool: http://stuffin.space/
Every satellite orbiting Earth, visualized: http://qz.com/296941/interacti....ve-graphic-every-act
8 weird pieces of space junk: http://www.wired.com/2009/02/spacestuff/
Project West Ford: http://www.wired.com/2013/08/project-west-ford/

STK animation courtesy of Analytical Graphics, Inc.

Get yourself an awesome IOTBS shirt! http://dftba.com/besmart
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Stock images from SciencePhoto http://www.sciencephoto.com/ and Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
Stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted) http://www.videoblocks.com

When it comes to science, is there a monster in us all?

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Are you watching "Frankenstein, MD"? Check it out: http://bit.ly/Y9HYz8

"Experiments on the Revival of Organisms" full video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDqh-r8TQgs

Murder Act and Anatomy Act: http://brainblogger.com/2011/0....9/17/human-dissectio

Percy Shelley's influence:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm....c/articles/PMC127968

Erasmus Darwin:
http://blogs.dickinson.edu/rom....nat/2011/06/10/erasm

Real-life influences for Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein":
http://io9.com/5949176/real-li....fe-scientists-who-me
http://gizmodo.com/5504746/how....-a-real-life-dr-fran
http://mentalfloss.com/article..../19855/who-was-dr-fr
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/....roseanne-montillo/th

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews
Gaffer - John Knudsen
Post-production intern - Dalton Allen

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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Otters are more than just cute, adorable little fuzzballs, they are one of the greatest conservation success stories of all time. Sea otters are a keystone species, meaning that an entire ecosystem depends on their presence. After they were nearly hunted to extinction for their dense fur, sea urchins (the otters' favorite food) nearly destroyed the Pacific kelp forests, a habitat that hundreds of species rely on for food and shelter.

Thanks to the hard work of conservation scientists at places like the Monterey Bay Aquarium, sea otter populations are on their way back. Here's the story of one orphaned sea otter pup's journey back to the wild

(Whale illustrations by Nobu Tamura/CC-BY-3.0)

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Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
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Theme music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

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The finest burritos in the world are made in San Francisco’s Mission District. But how can you get a hot & fresh one in New York City in time for lunch? Physics, that’s how. For this very serious and scientific video, we dug a classic documentary out of the vault that tells the story of the transcontinental burrito tunnel, and its successor, the transcontinental burrito hypertunnel. They are both true marvels of physics. Oh, and they aren’t real… but the science is.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....burrito-tunnel-refer

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Air. I bet you never even notice that it’s there. Yet you are swimming in an ocean of it every day. If there’s a literal ton of air pressing down on you all the time, so why don’t we feel it? We look back at the history of physics to learn how we figured out air pressure, why vacuums don’t suck, and how people like Galileo, Torricelli, and Otto von Guericke changed science forever with a few simple experiments. #AirPressure #Physics #Atmosphere

DISCLAIMER: Do not perform the trash bag experiment without adult supervision. Always have a helper nearby so you don’t get trapped in the bag. And never ever put your head inside a trash bag, ever. Here’s how to try it yourself: https://exploratorium.edu/snacks/feeling-pressured

-----------
REFERENCES:
Walker, Gabrielle. An Ocean of Air: Why the Wind Blows and Other Mysteries of the Atmosphere. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008.

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A cosmic love story, starring a guy named Carl Sagan
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Love is a complicated combination of brain chemicals and behavior that scientists are only just beginning to figure out. And it's remarkable that in every society that we have looked at on Earth, romantic love exists. So if love is so universal, and there are 7 billion other people out there looking for it, why can it seem like it's so hard to find?

In this episode, we'll look at what we can learn about the search for love from the search for extraterrestrial life. We'll start with Enrico Fermi's paradox of why we haven't been contacted by any extraterrestrials yet, and then at Frank Drake's equation to estimate the number of civilizations that might exist in our galaxy (updated with current numbers). Finally, we'll meet a young lady named Ann and see if we can calculate how many special someones there might be out there for her. It's a cosmic love story!

References for this episode: http://dft.ba/-4bBW

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)

Clips from this episode:
Carl Sagan - All the -illions: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZmafy...

Music from this episode:
Johnny Ripper's "Family." http://freemusicarchive.org/music/joh...

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You may not be an expert, but perhaps you feel pretty confident that you could ride a motorcycle, or give someone a decent haircut - if you absolutely had to - right? Not so much, according to the psychological phenomenon known as the Dunning-Kruger Effect. Turns out we’re all at risk of being overconfident about something. Watch Joe put this theory to the test as he tries to land a 737 (in a simulator, of course). Oh, did we mention Joe's not a pilot?

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-dunning-kru

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Cold War… warming planet?
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A few years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, a top-secret, first-of-its-kind US spy satellite program was declassified, leading to the unexpected story of how former enemies became scientific allies, and technology invented for Cold War espionage was repurposed to study and combat the newest and greatest threat to human civilization: Climate Change.

Thank you to the following for help in researching this video:
Michael McElroy
D. James Baker
The Office of Vice President Al Gore

0:00 Peeking behind the Iron Curtain
1:52 Spies in space
2:53 A time machine… but for Earth
3:41 Early days of the Space Race
5:37 Code name: CORONA
8:37 No more Iron Curtain… now what?
10:48 Spies… but for the Earth
13:20 New data & unlikely allies
16:31 Teamwork makes the dream work
17:46 Support us on Patreon!

Note: The thumbnail for this episode includes a picture of Joe Hanson created with a text-to-image generative AI tool

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This episode of Be Smart is licensed exclusively to YouTube.

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Here we are, just a year after the first news of the coronavirus we now call SARS-CoV-2 and the global pandemic known as COVID-19… and scientists have already developed more than one safe & effective vaccine. How did they do that so quickly? I visited the lab whose work directly led to these first COVID vaccines, so you can learn how basic research connects to life-saving medicine. This is how to make a COVID-19 vaccine.

Coronavirus animation courtesy of: Janet Iwasa, University of Utah, with funding from the NSF, the Coronavirus Structural Task Force and the German Federal Ministery of Research

References:
Wrapp, D. et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science 367, 1260–1263 (2020) doi: 10.1126/science.abb2507

Watanabe, Y., Allen, J. D., Wrapp, D., McLellan, J. S. & Crispin, M. Site-specific glycan analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike. Science eabb9983 (2020) doi:10.1126/science.abb9983.

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