...and other Christmas mysteries answered with science!
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Happy Holidays! Ever wonder how Santa could possibly manage to deliver all those presents in a single night? Or what gives red-nosed reindeer the ability to fly? And why do your Christmas lights get tangled in knots no matter how carefully you put the away?!

Here's some Christmas-themed science, as our gift to you. See you in 2015!

SOURCES:
Why Christmas lights tangle: "Spontaneous knotting of an agitated string" http://www.pnas.org/content/104/42/16432

Apollo 8 "Santa sighting" https://archive.org/details/Apollo8Highlights

Santa's reindeer are probably female: http://www.livescience.com/321....49-are-santas-reinde

Reindeer hair is hollow and "buoyant" http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6150798

Reindeer really do have red noses: http://www.bmj.com/content/345..../bmj.e8311.full.pdf+

Reindeer eyes change color: http://phenomena.nationalgeogr....aphic.com/2013/10/29

Santa's challenge (check my math!): http://bit.ly/1sOW15q

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
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Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

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Check out the largest gathering of mammals on Earth!

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Visit Bat Conservation International to learn more about these amazing species and what we can do to protect them: http://batcon.org/

Thanks to Dr. Sharon Swartz and Dr Kenny Breuer from Brown University for use of their wind tunnel footage: http://www.brown.edu/Departments/EEB/EML/

Mexican free-tailed bats hunt at higher altitudes than any other bat: http://bit.ly/10e5Zpe

Doppler radar shows bats intercepting the moth invasion: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvENxTke4Sc

Dr. Aaron Corcoran's research on moths jamming bat echolocation (plus VIDEOS!) http://www.sonarjamming.com/

Rainforest regrowth and seed dispersal by bats: http://bit.ly/1nzOBpN

Some bats are able to create lift more efficiently than birds: http://www.livescience.com/124....5-bats-efficient-fly

White nose syndrome: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_nose_syndrome

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

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They have some of the best caterpillars in Peru. The best.
Follow all of our Peru adventures on this playlist: http://bit.ly/SmartPeru
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Special thanks to Andy Warren, David Pfennig, Alex Wild, and Gustavo Londoño for helpful discussions for this video! #mimicry #rainforest

You should definitely be following Aaron Pomerantz:
http://www.thenextgenscientist.com/
Twitter: @AaronPomerantz
IG: @nextgenscientist

Special thanks to Rainforest Expeditions for hosting us! Visit http://www.perunature.com/

Check out Deep Look for more awesome up-close science: https://www.youtube.com/user/KQEDDeepLook

Cinerous mourner nest video courtesy of Dano Grayson: http://danograyson.com/
Cinerous mourner photos by Santiago David

References:
d'Horta, Fernando Mendonça, Guy M. Kirwan, and Dante Buzzetti. "Gaudy juvenile plumages of cinereous mourner (Laniocera hypopyrra) and Brazilian laniisoma (Laniisoma elegans)." The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 124.3 (2012): 429-435.

Forbes, Peter. Dazzled and deceived: mimicry and camouflage. Yale University Press, 2011. http://amzn.to/2dE444Z

Kikuchi, David W., and David W. Pfennig. "Predator cognition permits imperfect coral snake mimicry." The American Naturalist 176.6 (2010): 830-834.

Londoño, Gustavo A., Duván A. García, and Manuel A. Sánchez Martínez. "Morphological and behavioral evidence of Batesian mimicry in nestlings of a lowland Amazonian bird." The American Naturalist 185.1 (2015): 135-141.

Rabosky, Alison R. Davis, et al. "Coral snakes predict the evolution of mimicry across New World snakes." Nature communications 7 (2016).

Savage, Jay M., and Joseph B. Slowinski. "The colouration of the venomous coral snakes (family Elapidae) and their mimics (families Aniliidae and Colubridae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 45.3 (1992): 235-254.

Thompson, Martin J., and Martijn JTN Timmermans. "Characterising the phenotypic diversity of Papilio dardanus wing patterns using an extensive museum collection." Plos one 9.5 (2014): e96815.

Wickler, Wolfgang. Mimicry in Plants and Animals: Trans. by RD Martin. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968.

----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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“In Our Nature” is a NEW special limited series on It’s Okay To Be Smart!
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Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 5, we meet some interesting bugs that use truly extreme senses to navigate their world. How do dung beetles use astronomy to roll their poo balls home? And what does a swarm of beetles descending on a packed football stadium have to do with forest fires? Welcome to the world of extreme animal senses.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....inournature5-referen

In Our Nature is a special miniseries produced by It’s Okay To Be Smart for PBS. Stay tuned for more episodes coming this summer, here on our YouTube channel!

Original Production Funding provided by: Anne Ray Foundation, a Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropy

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In a world of distractions, how do we pay attention?

It seems like every week someone tells us how the internet and the digital age are overloading our brains. Sure, sometimes it feels like we're being fed more information than we can handle, that we're paying attention to the wrong things. Are we giving our brain a fair shot?

I explore some science that show how paying attention can be a bad thing, and then some science about how paying attention can be a very helpful thing
Special cameos by Hank Green and Mike Rugnetta!

Further reading:

The original Simons and Chabris experiment: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJG698U2Mvo

The cocktail party effect: http://www.npr.org/blogs/healt....h/2013/03/07/1736136

The illusion of attention: http://www.guardian.co.uk/scie....nce/neurophilosophy/

How is the internet changing our brains? (Harold Rheingold and more) http://www.edge.org/q2010/q10_index.html#responses

Sherry Turkle - Alone Together http://www.ted.com/talks/sherr....y_turkle_alone_toget

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)

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Is overpopulation real? Is Earth filling up with too many humans? How many people can Earth hold, anyway? As our species approaches 8 billion, human overpopulation is a major concern for many people. How can we reduce poverty and our impact on the environment? Do we need a forced one-child policy or something? Maybe not, because when we look at the science and history, populations seem to control themselves. This week we look at all these questions and more.

READ MORE:

https://ourworldindata.org

https://www.sciencemag.org/sit....e/special/population

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/346/6206/234

https://www.scientificamerican.....com/article/are-mal

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
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I’m vaccinated. I’m boosted. And I still got infected with the omicron variant of COVID-19. Here’s what I learned, and what it means for the possible end of this pandemic.

References and sources:
https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-omicron-cov

0:00 Intro
1:16 What is Omicron?
2:23 Is Omicron more contagious?
4:31 What's different about Omicron?
5:42 Is Omicron less severe?
8:07 Are the vaccines ineffective?
9:55 What no one's saying about vaccines
11:34 Injection + Infection: Is "hybrid immunity" better?
13:46 Will Omicron end the pandemic?
15:41 Final thoughts

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How does math keep a folded slice from drooping? And what does pizza have to do with the speed of light?

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

How a 19th Century Math Genius Taught Us the Best Way to Hold a Pizza Slice:
http://www.wired.com/2014/09/c....urvature-and-strengt

Planet Money pizza price comparison: http://www.npr.org/blogs/money..../2014/02/26/28213257

Measure the speed of light with your microwave: http://io9.com/5526055/use-you....r-microwave-to-measu

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host, writer, editing, graphics
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Enjoy these amazing facts about owls!
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As we get ready to watch that big football game that my lawyers tell me I’m not allowed to say the name of, let’s celebrate a champion of the bird world: Stealthy and silent owls! Learn how owls fly so silently, how they see in the dark, and how owls’ incredible hearing makes them such superb aerial hunters.

Want more awesome owl science? Check out “What Makes Owls So Quiet and Deadly?” from KQED’s Deep Look: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a68fIQzaDBY

Special thanks to:
The Witmer Lab at Ohio University

Learn more:
Wagner, Hermann, et al. "Features of owl wings that promote silent flight." Interface Focus 7.1 (2017): 20160078.

Wagner, Hermann, et al. "Neuroethology of prey capture in the barn owl (Tyto alba L.)." Journal of Physiology-Paris 107.1 (2013): 51-61.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Stay informed. Stay cautious, but not scared. Listen to scientists and public health officials and follow their guidance. By protecting yourself, you're protecting the most vulnerable among us. Together we can flatten the curve on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2. More resources below!
#COVID-19 #SARS-CoV-2 #FlattenTheCurve

3Blue1Brown on exponential growth: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kas0tIxDvrg

Get info from trusted sources:
https://www.cdc.gov/coronaviru....s/2019-ncov/index.ht
https://www.who.int/emergencie....s/diseases/novel-cor
https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus

References used: https://sites.google.com/view/....covid-19-flattenthec

Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:
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Wearing a mask is a cheap and easy way to help stop the spread of airborne infections like COVID-19. It's also a sign that you want to help protect other people and have them protect you… that we're all in this together. Here are some awesome slow-motion schlieren imaging experiments to demonstrate why masks work! Share with someone who needs to see this.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....why-masks-work-refer

Special thanks:
Matthew Staymates - National Institute of Standards and Technology
Dr. Richard Davis - Providence Sacred Heart Medical Center (https://twitter.com/richdavisp....hd/status/1276629360
Derek Muller - @Veritasium (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tgOyU34D44)
David McRaney - You Are Not So Smart https://youarenotsosmart.com/

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Pucker up. I'm gonna lay some science on you!

When you really think about it, kissing is an odd human behavior. You know, all the rubbing of our faces all over each other. So there must be a good reason why we do it, right? From motherly comforts to testing the genetic compatibility of your "mate", the science of kissing is pretty awesome.

Learn more about "The Science of Kissing" by Sheril Kirshenbaum at http://amzn.to/Nuy0TE

Sheril's book has an extensive bibliography if you'd like to look more closely at any of these studies, but here's a couple that I mentioned:

Study of facial features and attractiveness ("men prefer fuller, redder lips"): http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/68/2/261/

Claus Wedekind's famous "t-shirt" study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7630893

"Why do mothers cradle their babies on the left?" by Sieratzki and Woll, 1996 http://www.researchgate.net/pu....blication/14543476_W

Want to know more about the famous Austin mural where we shot this? http://www.austin360.com/news/....entertainment/share-

Did you catch the cameo from Julia Wilde? http://www.youtube.com/user/wildescience

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
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Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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Why does sex exist? You might think the obvious answer is “reproduction” but there are plenty of organisms on Earth that don’t require sex to reproduce. And the more that scientists examined sex, they more they realized that it’s an expensive and inefficient way to get your genes to the next generation. The true purpose of sex is actually one of the longest-standing mysteries in evolutionary biology. But scientists are closer than ever to finding the answer. Here’s what we know about the evolutionary enigma of sex.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....evolutionofsex-refer

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1. Gravitational waves: http://www.nature.com/news/gra....vitational-waves-1.1
2. AlphaGo beats Lee Sedol: http://www.theatlantic.com/tec....hnology/archive/2016
3. CRISPR tested in a human: http://www.nature.com/news/cri....spr-gene-editing-tes
4. Minimal synthetic organism: http://www.sciencemag.org/news..../2016/03/synthetic-m
5. SpaceX rocket landings: http://www.space.com/33461-spa....cex-rocket-landings-
6. Closest known exoplanet: https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1629/
7. Alzheimer’s drug trial success: http://www.sciencealert.com/a-....new-alzheimer-s-drug
8. Three-parent baby born: https://www.newscientist.com/a....rticle/2107219-exclu
9. Paris climate agreement goes into effect: https://www.wired.com/2016/12/....2016-pivotal-year-wa
10. Antarctic ozone hole is healing: http://www.bbc.com/news/scienc....e-environment-366749
11. Ross Sea becomes largest marine protected area: http://news.nationalgeographic.....com/2016/10/ross-se
12. Giant pandas are no longer endangeredL http://www.worldwildlife.org/s....tories/giant-panda-n
13. Wild tigers on the rise: http://news.nationalgeographic.....com/2016/04/160410-
14. Cool new species: http://www.livescience.com/545....46-chewbacca-beetle-
http://www.npr.org/sections/th....etwo-way/2016/06/02/
http://www.livescience.com/555....63-game-of-thrones-d
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38325099
15. Casper the ghost octopus: http://www.slate.com/blogs/the...._slatest/2016/03/06/

16. Ghost shark filmed: http://news.nationalgeographic.....com/2016/12/pointy-
17. LIchen symbiosis decoded: http://www.theatlantic.com/sci....ence/archive/2016/07
18. Jeremy the backwards snail finds a partner: http://www.wired.co.uk/article..../snail-jeremy-left-h
19. Solar powered plane flies around world: https://www.theguardian.com/en....vironment/2016/jul/2
20. New glasses for colorblind people: https://www.technologyreview.c....om/s/601782/how-ench
21. Juno mission updates: https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/
22. Rosetta completes comet mission: http://gizmodo.com/watch-roset....ta-s-entire-mission-
23. Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko’s year in space: https://www.nasa.gov/content/a-year-in-space

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Our mission? Make math fun, engaging, and oh-so-easy for both you & your students. Our library of lesson materials is not only super-affordable but is also FREE to try out at http://numberock.com/letsrockmath.

Video Summary
Once upon a time, in a math land so grand that nine canaries found themselves perched on wires over sand. Many say it was all planned - just a device to represent equivalent fractions for kids all over the world to see. Who knows?

Each wire held a fraction, or a piece of the pie, Three ninths, one third— oh not in my eye!
“Listen up,” said the canaries, feathers all a-fluff, “Equivalent fractions, that’s some sick stuff!” 🎵

Thank you for watching Numberock's Equivalent Fractions Song.

#fractionsong #songsforteachers #mathsong
This one's about simple fractions- they're parts of a whole! Have your students sing about halves, thirds, quarters, numerators and denominators!
See more of my math and science resources at: https://mathstory.com

LYRICS:
Fractions, fractions,
They're parts of a whole,
Fractions, fractions,
They're what I know...
They're equal pieces,
They're parts of a pie,
Fractions, fractions,
They're alright!

Half a pie, half a tree,
Halves of different things, are different sizes you see,
But a half is a half, big or small,
It takes two halves, to make one whole

(You have Fractions when you have equal sized parts of a whole. When it comes to halves, it takes two of them to make one whole!)

Fractions, fractions,
Parts of a whole,
Fractions, fractions,
Are what I know...
They're equal pieces,
Parts of a square,
Fractions, fractions,
They're right here!

Tells how many,
Parts there are,
Tells how many parts you got,
When you have parts,
Parts of the whole,
Fractions, fractions what you need to know...

1/3 of a pie,
1/3 of a bar,
Thirds of different things are different sizes by far,
But a third is a third,
Big or small,
It takes three thirds to make one whole!

(It takes 3 thirds to make one whole, 1/3 then 2/3rds, then 3/3rds- that's one whole)

Fractions, fractions,
They're parts of a whole,
Fractions, fractions,
They're what I know
They're equal pieces,
They're parts of a pie,
Fractions, fractions,
They're alright!

Numerator 'Never Under'
On the top,
D for Denominator, always Down,
Numerator up,
Denominator down,
Fractions, fractions,
Are all around!

¼ pie,
¼ square,
1/4 + 3/4 make one whole right here!
And a quarter is a quarter,
Big or small,
It takes 4 quarters to make one whole!

Fractions, fractions,
They're parts of a whole,
Fractions, fractions,
They're what I know...
They're equal pieces,
They're parts of a pie,
Fractions, fractions,
They're alright!

Once we know how to divide, we must learn about fractions, because not all divisions will lead to whole number quotients. But there are proper fractions, improper fractions, mixed numbers... what are all these things? Just check this out!

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This video explains what a fraction is, how to write a fraction and the different types of fractions. We also explain what numerator and denominator means. Practice questions and answers are at the end of the video.

For simplifying fractions: https://youtu.be/n-TT3Rk0Tuo
For multiplying and dividing two fractions: https://youtu.be/0e2dyqGvU3E

Skip to:
00:00 Intro
00:20 What is a fraction?
01:25 How to write a fraction (numerator/denominator explained)
02:16 Different types of fractions
02:53 Practice questions and answers



Educational maths help videos to learn mathematics for school, exams or just general life. New videos added weekly.

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An excellent book if you're teaching mathematics or helping your children:
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With thanks to Mixkit for sound effects and/or music https://mixkit.co/

Our mission? Make math fun, engaging, and oh-so-easy for both you & your students. Our library of lesson materials is not only super-affordable but is also FREE to try out at http://numberock.com/letsrockmath.

Thank you for watching Dividing Fractions with KEEP, CHANGE, FLIP Song.

»»-------------¤-------------««»»-------------¤-------------««

Q. How to divide fractions by fractions?
A. Dividing a fraction by a fraction might seem confusing at first, but it is really very simple. All you need to do is flip the second fractions, multiply, and reduce.

Q. What grade levels do this video target?
A. This video targets learning standards in 5th Grade and 6th Grade. This video also targets standards in the UK from KS2 (Year 6) to KS3 (Year 7).

Q. Where did you guys come from?
A. Numberock is a project that I, Mr. Hehn, began as a 5th Grade math teacher of 7 years. It came together after years of experimenting with my lessons trying to figure out the best way to help my students retain the math concepts they were learning.

Q. Does Numberock drive real results in the classroom?
A. I knew I found the secret sauce when not only were my students retaining the concepts longer, they were singing the songs outside of the classroom during recess and at home with their parents during dinnertime. The songs were so catchy, my students couldn't get the math songs out of their head!

During testing, I often found my students humming the melodies in order to jostle their memory of a rule or problem solving process. As we've all experienced, there is something about the power of music that allows us to retain information easier and for longer periods of time. Without getting into the finer details of multi-sensory learning and how it often helps the students who most need the help, the power of a catchy song is hard to deny.

Q. I love your songs. Where can I experience more of what NUMBEROCK has to offer?

We have additional teaching resources that are always expanding over at https://www.numberock.com. For the low price of $4.95/month, premium members gain access to video-aligned activities like worksheets, printable posters/anchor charts, task cards, self-graded assessments, games, and more.

Coming Soon:
1. Self-Graded Assessments | These will soon be available for every Common Core and TEKS standard from 2nd-6th Grade so you'll be able to track and monitor student progress while your students complete standards-aligned quizzes that are integrated with the NUMBEROCK video they just watched.

2. Number Notes | Were currently working on creating exercises where students will be able to take notes artistically on printable templates featuring characters from the videos.

Research has shown that this will help to integrate their artistic side side of the student's brain with the mathematical side of their brain which helps with long-term memory retention. Our own research has shown us that teacher's who use start using these templates love them! It seems to be a natural fit as we move beyond our unique auditory learning tools into visual learning tools, that when used in concert, cater to the different types of learners that you teach everyday.

🍎 Hope to see you at https://numberock.com! 🍎

Our telling Dividing Fractions with KEEP, CHANGE, FLIP | Fractions Rap video is aligned with the following Common Core standards:

CCSS.Math.Content.5.NF.B.7

CCSS.Math.Content.5.NF.B.7.a

CCSS.Math.Content.5.NF.B.7.b

CCSS.Math.Content.5.NF.B.7.c

CCSS.Math.Content.6.NS.A.1