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Comic book heroes ain't got nothin' on evolution.

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Evolution has come up with some pretty amazing ways to get things done when it comes to animals, plants and microbes. From radiation-resistant bacteria (like Dr. Manhattan) to geckos who climb glass using atomic adhesion (like Spider-Man) to a shrimp that can shoot a bubble the temperature of the sun (like Aquaman), nature is pretty super!

Watch more YouTube Geek Week videos at http://youtube.com/geekweek

Clips from this episode: http://bit.ly/15aWwcF

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)

Special thanks to Dragon's Lair Comics & Fantasy in Austin, TX

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When it comes to science, is there a monster in us all?

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Are you watching "Frankenstein, MD"? Check it out: http://bit.ly/Y9HYz8

"Experiments on the Revival of Organisms" full video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDqh-r8TQgs

Murder Act and Anatomy Act: http://brainblogger.com/2011/0....9/17/human-dissectio

Percy Shelley's influence:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm....c/articles/PMC127968

Erasmus Darwin:
http://blogs.dickinson.edu/rom....nat/2011/06/10/erasm

Real-life influences for Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein":
http://io9.com/5949176/real-li....fe-scientists-who-me
http://gizmodo.com/5504746/how....-a-real-life-dr-fran
http://mentalfloss.com/article..../19855/who-was-dr-fr
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/....roseanne-montillo/th

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews
Gaffer - John Knudsen
Post-production intern - Dalton Allen

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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The finest burritos in the world are made in San Francisco’s Mission District. But how can you get a hot & fresh one in New York City in time for lunch? Physics, that’s how. For this very serious and scientific video, we dug a classic documentary out of the vault that tells the story of the transcontinental burrito tunnel, and its successor, the transcontinental burrito hypertunnel. They are both true marvels of physics. Oh, and they aren’t real… but the science is.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....burrito-tunnel-refer

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A cosmic love story, starring a guy named Carl Sagan
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Love is a complicated combination of brain chemicals and behavior that scientists are only just beginning to figure out. And it's remarkable that in every society that we have looked at on Earth, romantic love exists. So if love is so universal, and there are 7 billion other people out there looking for it, why can it seem like it's so hard to find?

In this episode, we'll look at what we can learn about the search for love from the search for extraterrestrial life. We'll start with Enrico Fermi's paradox of why we haven't been contacted by any extraterrestrials yet, and then at Frank Drake's equation to estimate the number of civilizations that might exist in our galaxy (updated with current numbers). Finally, we'll meet a young lady named Ann and see if we can calculate how many special someones there might be out there for her. It's a cosmic love story!

References for this episode: http://dft.ba/-4bBW

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)

Clips from this episode:
Carl Sagan - All the -illions: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZmafy...

Music from this episode:
Johnny Ripper's "Family." http://freemusicarchive.org/music/joh...

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You may not be an expert, but perhaps you feel pretty confident that you could ride a motorcycle, or give someone a decent haircut - if you absolutely had to - right? Not so much, according to the psychological phenomenon known as the Dunning-Kruger Effect. Turns out we’re all at risk of being overconfident about something. Watch Joe put this theory to the test as he tries to land a 737 (in a simulator, of course). Oh, did we mention Joe's not a pilot?

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-dunning-kru

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Cold War… warming planet?
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A few years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, a top-secret, first-of-its-kind US spy satellite program was declassified, leading to the unexpected story of how former enemies became scientific allies, and technology invented for Cold War espionage was repurposed to study and combat the newest and greatest threat to human civilization: Climate Change.

Thank you to the following for help in researching this video:
Michael McElroy
D. James Baker
The Office of Vice President Al Gore

0:00 Peeking behind the Iron Curtain
1:52 Spies in space
2:53 A time machine… but for Earth
3:41 Early days of the Space Race
5:37 Code name: CORONA
8:37 No more Iron Curtain… now what?
10:48 Spies… but for the Earth
13:20 New data & unlikely allies
16:31 Teamwork makes the dream work
17:46 Support us on Patreon!

Note: The thumbnail for this episode includes a picture of Joe Hanson created with a text-to-image generative AI tool

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Here we are, just a year after the first news of the coronavirus we now call SARS-CoV-2 and the global pandemic known as COVID-19… and scientists have already developed more than one safe & effective vaccine. How did they do that so quickly? I visited the lab whose work directly led to these first COVID vaccines, so you can learn how basic research connects to life-saving medicine. This is how to make a COVID-19 vaccine.

Coronavirus animation courtesy of: Janet Iwasa, University of Utah, with funding from the NSF, the Coronavirus Structural Task Force and the German Federal Ministery of Research

References:
Wrapp, D. et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science 367, 1260–1263 (2020) doi: 10.1126/science.abb2507

Watanabe, Y., Allen, J. D., Wrapp, D., McLellan, J. S. & Crispin, M. Site-specific glycan analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike. Science eabb9983 (2020) doi:10.1126/science.abb9983.

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...and other Christmas mysteries answered with science!
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Happy Holidays! Ever wonder how Santa could possibly manage to deliver all those presents in a single night? Or what gives red-nosed reindeer the ability to fly? And why do your Christmas lights get tangled in knots no matter how carefully you put the away?!

Here's some Christmas-themed science, as our gift to you. See you in 2015!

SOURCES:
Why Christmas lights tangle: "Spontaneous knotting of an agitated string" http://www.pnas.org/content/104/42/16432

Apollo 8 "Santa sighting" https://archive.org/details/Apollo8Highlights

Santa's reindeer are probably female: http://www.livescience.com/321....49-are-santas-reinde

Reindeer hair is hollow and "buoyant" http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6150798

Reindeer really do have red noses: http://www.bmj.com/content/345..../bmj.e8311.full.pdf+

Reindeer eyes change color: http://phenomena.nationalgeogr....aphic.com/2013/10/29

Santa's challenge (check my math!): http://bit.ly/1sOW15q

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc
Kate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

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Check out the largest gathering of mammals on Earth!

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Subscribe to It's Okay To Be Smart ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

Visit Bat Conservation International to learn more about these amazing species and what we can do to protect them: http://batcon.org/

Thanks to Dr. Sharon Swartz and Dr Kenny Breuer from Brown University for use of their wind tunnel footage: http://www.brown.edu/Departments/EEB/EML/

Mexican free-tailed bats hunt at higher altitudes than any other bat: http://bit.ly/10e5Zpe

Doppler radar shows bats intercepting the moth invasion: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvENxTke4Sc

Dr. Aaron Corcoran's research on moths jamming bat echolocation (plus VIDEOS!) http://www.sonarjamming.com/

Rainforest regrowth and seed dispersal by bats: http://bit.ly/1nzOBpN

Some bats are able to create lift more efficiently than birds: http://www.livescience.com/124....5-bats-efficient-fly

White nose syndrome: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_nose_syndrome

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

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In a world of distractions, how do we pay attention?

It seems like every week someone tells us how the internet and the digital age are overloading our brains. Sure, sometimes it feels like we're being fed more information than we can handle, that we're paying attention to the wrong things. Are we giving our brain a fair shot?

I explore some science that show how paying attention can be a bad thing, and then some science about how paying attention can be a very helpful thing
Special cameos by Hank Green and Mike Rugnetta!

Further reading:

The original Simons and Chabris experiment: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJG698U2Mvo

The cocktail party effect: http://www.npr.org/blogs/healt....h/2013/03/07/1736136

The illusion of attention: http://www.guardian.co.uk/scie....nce/neurophilosophy/

How is the internet changing our brains? (Harold Rheingold and more) http://www.edge.org/q2010/q10_index.html#responses

Sherry Turkle - Alone Together http://www.ted.com/talks/sherr....y_turkle_alone_toget

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)

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I’m vaccinated. I’m boosted. And I still got infected with the omicron variant of COVID-19. Here’s what I learned, and what it means for the possible end of this pandemic.

References and sources:
https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-omicron-cov

0:00 Intro
1:16 What is Omicron?
2:23 Is Omicron more contagious?
4:31 What's different about Omicron?
5:42 Is Omicron less severe?
8:07 Are the vaccines ineffective?
9:55 What no one's saying about vaccines
11:34 Injection + Infection: Is "hybrid immunity" better?
13:46 Will Omicron end the pandemic?
15:41 Final thoughts

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How does math keep a folded slice from drooping? And what does pizza have to do with the speed of light?

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

How a 19th Century Math Genius Taught Us the Best Way to Hold a Pizza Slice:
http://www.wired.com/2014/09/c....urvature-and-strengt

Planet Money pizza price comparison: http://www.npr.org/blogs/money..../2014/02/26/28213257

Measure the speed of light with your microwave: http://io9.com/5526055/use-you....r-microwave-to-measu

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host, writer, editing, graphics
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc
Kate Eads - Associate Producer
John Knudsen - Gaffer, Camera

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Stock images via Shutterstock

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Enjoy these amazing facts about owls!
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As we get ready to watch that big football game that my lawyers tell me I’m not allowed to say the name of, let’s celebrate a champion of the bird world: Stealthy and silent owls! Learn how owls fly so silently, how they see in the dark, and how owls’ incredible hearing makes them such superb aerial hunters.

Want more awesome owl science? Check out “What Makes Owls So Quiet and Deadly?” from KQED’s Deep Look: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a68fIQzaDBY

Special thanks to:
The Witmer Lab at Ohio University

Learn more:
Wagner, Hermann, et al. "Features of owl wings that promote silent flight." Interface Focus 7.1 (2017): 20160078.

Wagner, Hermann, et al. "Neuroethology of prey capture in the barn owl (Tyto alba L.)." Journal of Physiology-Paris 107.1 (2013): 51-61.

FOLLOW US:

It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
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Stay informed. Stay cautious, but not scared. Listen to scientists and public health officials and follow their guidance. By protecting yourself, you're protecting the most vulnerable among us. Together we can flatten the curve on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2. More resources below!
#COVID-19 #SARS-CoV-2 #FlattenTheCurve

3Blue1Brown on exponential growth: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kas0tIxDvrg

Get info from trusted sources:
https://www.cdc.gov/coronaviru....s/2019-ncov/index.ht
https://www.who.int/emergencie....s/diseases/novel-cor
https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus

References used: https://sites.google.com/view/....covid-19-flattenthec

Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:
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Wearing a mask is a cheap and easy way to help stop the spread of airborne infections like COVID-19. It's also a sign that you want to help protect other people and have them protect you… that we're all in this together. Here are some awesome slow-motion schlieren imaging experiments to demonstrate why masks work! Share with someone who needs to see this.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....why-masks-work-refer

Special thanks:
Matthew Staymates - National Institute of Standards and Technology
Dr. Richard Davis - Providence Sacred Heart Medical Center (https://twitter.com/richdavisp....hd/status/1276629360
Derek Muller - @Veritasium (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tgOyU34D44)
David McRaney - You Are Not So Smart https://youarenotsosmart.com/

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Pucker up. I'm gonna lay some science on you!

When you really think about it, kissing is an odd human behavior. You know, all the rubbing of our faces all over each other. So there must be a good reason why we do it, right? From motherly comforts to testing the genetic compatibility of your "mate", the science of kissing is pretty awesome.

Learn more about "The Science of Kissing" by Sheril Kirshenbaum at http://amzn.to/Nuy0TE

Sheril's book has an extensive bibliography if you'd like to look more closely at any of these studies, but here's a couple that I mentioned:

Study of facial features and attractiveness ("men prefer fuller, redder lips"): http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/68/2/261/

Claus Wedekind's famous "t-shirt" study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7630893

"Why do mothers cradle their babies on the left?" by Sieratzki and Woll, 1996 http://www.researchgate.net/pu....blication/14543476_W

Want to know more about the famous Austin mural where we shot this? http://www.austin360.com/news/....entertainment/share-

Did you catch the cameo from Julia Wilde? http://www.youtube.com/user/wildescience

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
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Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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Why does sex exist? You might think the obvious answer is “reproduction” but there are plenty of organisms on Earth that don’t require sex to reproduce. And the more that scientists examined sex, they more they realized that it’s an expensive and inefficient way to get your genes to the next generation. The true purpose of sex is actually one of the longest-standing mysteries in evolutionary biology. But scientists are closer than ever to finding the answer. Here’s what we know about the evolutionary enigma of sex.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....evolutionofsex-refer

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1. Gravitational waves: http://www.nature.com/news/gra....vitational-waves-1.1
2. AlphaGo beats Lee Sedol: http://www.theatlantic.com/tec....hnology/archive/2016
3. CRISPR tested in a human: http://www.nature.com/news/cri....spr-gene-editing-tes
4. Minimal synthetic organism: http://www.sciencemag.org/news..../2016/03/synthetic-m
5. SpaceX rocket landings: http://www.space.com/33461-spa....cex-rocket-landings-
6. Closest known exoplanet: https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1629/
7. Alzheimer’s drug trial success: http://www.sciencealert.com/a-....new-alzheimer-s-drug
8. Three-parent baby born: https://www.newscientist.com/a....rticle/2107219-exclu
9. Paris climate agreement goes into effect: https://www.wired.com/2016/12/....2016-pivotal-year-wa
10. Antarctic ozone hole is healing: http://www.bbc.com/news/scienc....e-environment-366749
11. Ross Sea becomes largest marine protected area: http://news.nationalgeographic.....com/2016/10/ross-se
12. Giant pandas are no longer endangeredL http://www.worldwildlife.org/s....tories/giant-panda-n
13. Wild tigers on the rise: http://news.nationalgeographic.....com/2016/04/160410-
14. Cool new species: http://www.livescience.com/545....46-chewbacca-beetle-
http://www.npr.org/sections/th....etwo-way/2016/06/02/
http://www.livescience.com/555....63-game-of-thrones-d
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38325099
15. Casper the ghost octopus: http://www.slate.com/blogs/the...._slatest/2016/03/06/

16. Ghost shark filmed: http://news.nationalgeographic.....com/2016/12/pointy-
17. LIchen symbiosis decoded: http://www.theatlantic.com/sci....ence/archive/2016/07
18. Jeremy the backwards snail finds a partner: http://www.wired.co.uk/article..../snail-jeremy-left-h
19. Solar powered plane flies around world: https://www.theguardian.com/en....vironment/2016/jul/2
20. New glasses for colorblind people: https://www.technologyreview.c....om/s/601782/how-ench
21. Juno mission updates: https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/
22. Rosetta completes comet mission: http://gizmodo.com/watch-roset....ta-s-entire-mission-
23. Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko’s year in space: https://www.nasa.gov/content/a-year-in-space

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Our mission? Make math fun, engaging, and oh-so-easy for both you & your students. Our library of lesson materials is not only super-affordable but is also FREE to try out at http://numberock.com/letsrockmath.

Video Summary
Once upon a time, in a math land so grand that nine canaries found themselves perched on wires over sand. Many say it was all planned - just a device to represent equivalent fractions for kids all over the world to see. Who knows?

Each wire held a fraction, or a piece of the pie, Three ninths, one third— oh not in my eye!
“Listen up,” said the canaries, feathers all a-fluff, “Equivalent fractions, that’s some sick stuff!” 🎵

Thank you for watching Numberock's Equivalent Fractions Song.