In which Craig Benzine tells you how we keep bureaucracy in check. So we've spent the last few episodes telling you all about what bureaucracies are and why they are formed. And throughout we've hinted about this ever-expanding power within the executive branch. So today, we're going to finish our discussion of bureaucracy by looking at methods the other branches of government use to manage this power. From watch-dog organizations to reporting requirements there has been quite a bit of legislation passed aimed at taming the bureaucracy.

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Last week we introduced the idea of socialization and today we’re talking a little more about how it works, including an introduction to five main types of socialization. We’ll explore anticipatory socialization from your family, the “hidden curriculum” in schools, peer groups, the role of media in socialization, and we’ll discuss total institutions and how they can act as a form of re-socialization.

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***

References:

Coleman, James S. 1961. The Adolescent Society: The Social Life of the Teenager and Its Impact on Education. NY: The Free Press

Hill, David, et al. "Media and young minds." Pediatrics (2016): e20162591.

Vittrup, Brigitte, and George W. Holden. "Exploring the impact of educational television and parent–child discussions on children's racial attitudes." Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 11.1 (2011): 82-104.

Kearney, Melissa S., and Phillip B. Levine. "Media influences on social outcomes: The impact of MTV's 16 and pregnant on teen childbearing." The American Economic Review 105.12 (2015): 3597-3632.

***

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Waves are cool. The more we learn about waves, the more we learn about a lot of things in physics. Everything from earthquakes to music! Ropes can tell us a lot about how traveling waves work so, in this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini uses ropes to talk about how waves carry energy and how different kinds of waves transmit energy differently.

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Oh my, Craig has his work cut out for him this week. The process of how a bill becomes a law can be pretty complex, fraught with potential bill-death at every corner. As if just getting through committee isn’t difficult enough, bills have to navigate a series of amendments and votes in both houses, potentially more committees, further compromise bills, and even more floor votes, just to end up on the chopping block of the President. And then in one fell swoop, the President can stop a bill in its tracks with a veto! But then again, a presidential veto isn’t necessarily a bill’s end either.

As you can see we’ve got to lot to cover, and we’ll be the first to admit this has been covered before, and extraordinarily well might we add, by the folks at School House Rock. But we’ll give it our best shot - without the singing of course. Well, not too much singing anyway.

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Chapters:
Introduction: How a Bill Becomes a Law 00:00
Bill introduction 0:49
Committee referral 1:02
Senate rules 1:35
The bill passes the other chamber 1:59
Conference committee 2:19
The President signs the law 2:39
Vetos & Pocket Vetos 2:45
Overriding a veto 3:15
Why do so few laws get passed? 3:57
Places a bill can die 4:14
Veto gates 5:02
Why Congress has so many procedural hurdles 5:52
Credits 6:28

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Today, we’re going to take a look at how the government plays a role in the economy. Specifically, the way the government creates and maintains our market economic system. Now sure, the government’s role in the economy can be controversial, some may even say completely unnecessary. But there are some deficiencies in a free market, and we’re going to look at those, and the tools the government uses to combat those issues in maintaining a healthy and stable economy.

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Welcome to Crash Course Games! In this series our host Andre Meadows is going to discuss the history and science of games. We’re going to talk about video games of course, but also board games, role playing games, card games, even sports! But before we get ahead of ourselves we are going to look at what a game actually is, who is playing these games, and what they are doing to us. It turns out these answers aren’t as obvious as they would seem, but one thing is definitely clear: games make up a huge portion of most peoples’ lives, and we think that can be a great thing!

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Continuing in our journey of understanding motion, direction, and velocity... today, Shini introduces the ideas of vectors and scalars so we can better understand how to figure out motion in 2 dimensions. But what does that have to do with baseball? Or two baseballs?


***
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

***
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Hello, world! Welcome to Crash Course Computer Science! So today, we’re going to take a look at computing’s origins, because even though our digital computers are relatively new, the need for computation is not. Since the start of civilization itself, humans have had an increasing need for special devices to help manage laborious tasks, and as the scale of society continued to grow, these computational devices began to play a crucial role in amplifying our mental abilities. From the abacus and astrolabe to the difference engine and tabulating machine, we’ve come a long way to satisfying this increasing need, and in the process completely transformed commerce, government, and daily life.

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In this episode of Crash Course, Hank introduces you to the complex history and terminology of Anatomy & Physiology.

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Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
History of Anatomy 2:34
Physiology: How Parts Function 3:48
Complementarity of Structure & Function 4:09
Hierarchy of Organization 4:20
Directional Terms 7:27
Review 10:24
Credits 10:59

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Today we're going to talk about a fundamental part of all modern computers. The thing that basically everything else uses - the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (or the ALU). The ALU may not have to most exciting name, but it is the mathematical brain of a computer and is responsible for all the calculations your computer does! And it's actually not that complicated. So today we're going to use the binary and logic gates we learned in previous episodes to build one from scratch, and then we'll use our newly minted ALU when we construct the heart of a computer, the CPU, in episode 7.

*CORRECTION*

We got our wires crossed with the Intel 4004, which we discuss later. The 74181 was introduced by Texas Instruments in 1970 but appeared in technical manuals around 1969. The design of the 74181, like most of the 74xx/74xxx series, was an open design which was manufactured by many other companies - Fairchild was one such manufacturer. They produced a chip, the Fairchild 9341, which was pin-for-pin compatible with the 74181.

Fairchild was the first to prototype an ALU, building the Fairchild 4711 in 1968 - a one-off device not optimized for scale manufacturing. In 1969, Signetics came out with the 8260, which they marketed in a very limited sense (it was attached, AFAICT, to one particular computer, the Data General SUPERNOVA). TI follows afterwards (March 1970) with the 74181, coupled with the 9341 from Fairchild. The 74181 became the standard number for this part, and was available from many manufacturers (back in those days, chip makers cross-licensed designs all over the place in order to provide assurance that their part could be sourced from multiple manufacturers).

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Today Hank gains insight from that most philosophical of figures...Leonardo DiCaprio. In this episode, we’re talking about the process of philosophical discovery and questioning the relationship between appearance and reality by taking a look at Plato’s famous Myth of the Cave. All with a little help from our good pal Leo.

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"Inception" stills copyright 2010 Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. and Legendary Pictures

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THE FINAL SHOWDOWN! This is the last episode on the immune system and also the very last episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology. In it, Hank explains how the cellular immune response uses helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells to attack body cells compromised by pathogens. He also explores how cytokines activate B and T cells, and what happens if your immune system goes rogue and starts causing autoimmune trouble.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

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***

Chapters:
Introduction: Cells Fight Cells 00:00
Professional Antigen Presenting Cells 1:46
Helper T Cells 4:00
Cytotoxic T Cells 5:23
Immunodeficiencies 6:08
Autoimmune Disorders 7:27
Review 8:26

***

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So, if economics is about choices and how we use our resources, econ probably has a lot to say about the environment, right? Right! In simple terms, pollution is just a market failure. The market is producing more pollution than society wants. This week, Adriene and Jacob focus on the environment, and how economics can be used to control and reduce pollution and emissions. You'll learn about supply and demand, incentives, and how government intervention influences the environment.

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How do lenses work? How do they form images? Well, in order to understand how optics work, we have to understand the physics of light. In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini talks to us about optical instruments and how they make magnification possible.

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Atoms are a lot like us - we call their relationships "bonds," and there are many different types. Each kind of atomic relationship requires a different type of energy, but they all do best when they settle into the lowest stress situation possible. The nature of the bond between atoms is related to the distance between them and, like people, it also depends on how positive or negative they are. Unlike human relationships, we can analyze exactly what makes chemical relationships work, and that's what this episode is all about.

If you are paying attention, you will learn that chemical bonds form in order to minimize the energy difference between two atoms or ions; that those chemical bonds may be covalent if atoms share electrons, and that covalent bonds can share those electrons evenly or unevenly; that bonds can also be ionic if the electrons are transferred instead of shared: and how to calculate the energy transferred in an ionic bond using Coulomb's Law.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

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--
Table of Contents
Bonds Minimize Energy 01:38
Covalent Bonds 03:18
Ionic Bonds 05:37
Coulomb's Law 05:51

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In our final episode of Crash Course Philosophy, we consider what it means to live a good life. We’ll look at the myth of Sisyphus, Robert Nozick’s experience machine, Aristotle’s eudaimonistic picture of a good human life, and the existentialists’ view that we each determine the value of our own lives. And we’ll think about how you, too, can live the life of a philosopher.
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We learn a lot about our surroundings thanks to sound. But... what is it exactly? Sound, that is. What is sound? And how does it travel? And what is this doppler effect that we've heard so much about? In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini goes over some of the basics (and some of the not-so-basics) of the Physics of Sound.

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Today we continue our unit on identity by asking where the mind resides. Hank explains the mind-body problem and several approaches to the question of where our minds reside, including reductive physicalism, substance dualism, and mysterianism.

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In which Adriene Hill and Jacob Clifford teach you about specialization and trade, and how countries decide whether they're going to make stuff or trade for stuff. You'll learn about things like comparative advantage, the production possibilities frontier and how to make pizza!

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Over the millennia, every region on Earth has developed its own successful agricultural ecosystem from flat fields of grain and mountainside rice terraces to coastal fish farms and goat herding. Today, we’re going to break down agricultural systems into three scales: subsistence, small-scale, and industrial agriculture. And we’ll take a look at how a place's history plays a huge role in the system we see today as we follow the story of agriculture in the Philippines.

SOURCES

Philippines
Davila, F. (2018). Human Ecology and Food Systems: Insights from the Philippines. Human Ecology Review, 24(1), 23–50. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26506660
Theresa Ventura. (2016). From Small Farms to Progressive Plantations: The Trajectory of Land Reform in the American Colonial Philippines, 1900–1916. Agricultural History, 90(4), 459–483. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1....0.3098/ah.2016.090.4
The development and agriculture paradigms transformed: Reflections from the small-scale organic rice fields of the Philippines Robin Broad &

John Cavanagh https://www.tandfonline.com/do....i/full/10.1080/03066  

Colonial history
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....History_of_the_Phili
asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/the-philippines-an-overview-of-the-colonial-era/

Agribusiness
http://asianfarmers.org/afares....earches0876dlsj/2009
https://ifranchise.ph/multinational-companies/

Age of Farmers
https://philjournalsci.dost.go....v.ph/images/pdf/pjs_
https://cebudailynews.inquirer.....net/191635/declinin

Land Tenure
https://cadasta.org/resources/....white-papers/strengt
https://www.aljazeera.com/news..../2008/3/28/asian-ric
https://www.aljazeera.com/econ....omy/2019/12/30/growi

Climate Change
https://theconversation.com/in....-philippines-climate
https://www.bbc.com/future/bes....poke/follow-the-food
https://www.bbc.com/news/scien....ce-environment-45828
https://www.irri.org/climate-change-ready-rice

Agroecology
Altieri, M.A., Funes-Monzote, F.R. & Petersen, P. Agroecologically efficient agricultural systems for smallholder farmers: contributions to food sovereignty. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 32, 1–13 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0065-6 https://link.springer.com/arti....cle/10.1007%2Fs13593
http://safsc.org.za/wp-content..../uploads/2015/09/Agr
Agroecology – writ large; https://link.springer.com/chap....ter/10.1007/978-94-0
Eric Holt-Giménez & Miguel A. Altieri (2013) Agroecology, Food Sovereignty, and the New Green Revolution, Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 37:1, 90-102, DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2012.716388
http://safsc.org.za/wp-content..../uploads/2015/09/Agr

Water Footprint
https://foodprint.org/issues/t....he-water-footprint-o
https://www.fao.org/3/ap527e/ap527e.pdf

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All of the sounds or handshapes in a language can be pronounced differently depending on the context, but in different languages, these differences may be significant, or not. The study of these patterns and variations is known as phonology. In this episode of Crash Course Linguistics, we’ll learn all about phonology and the different phonological systems we see in different languages, and we’ll begin to retrain our brains in order to gain a better understanding and appreciation for phonological patterns.

Want even more linguistics? Check out the Lingthusiasm podcast, hosted by the writers of Crash Course Linguistics: https://lingthusiasm.com/

Check out Self-Evident on PBS Voices: https://youtu.be/PZHAu09iObU

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Welcome to the first episode of Crash Course Astronomy. Your host for this intergalactic adventure is the Bad Astronomer himself, Phil Plait. We begin with answering a question: "What is astronomy?"

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron

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Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
What is Astronomy? 3:00
Who Studies Astronomy? 3:50
Origins of Astronomy 5:27
Astrology vs Astronomy 6:19
Geocentrism 7:51
Revolutions in Astronomy 8:58
Astronomy Today 10:26
Review 11:29

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PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

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Photos:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Earth_cutaw
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E....arth%27s_magnetic_fi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G....eomagnetic_storm#med
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S....aturn#mediaviewer/Fi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2....43_Ida#mediaviewer/F
http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Comet_Hale_
http://solarviews.com/raw/comet/kuiper3.jpg
http://solarviews.com/cap/comet/kuiper3.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L....ist_of_nearest_brigh
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad...._astronomy/2013/06/2
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad...._astronomy/2013/06/0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B....lack_hole#mediaviewe
http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Messier_69_
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad...._astronomy/2013/06/2
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wi....kipedia/commons/0/0f
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad...._astronomy/2013/03/2
http://www.esa.int/spaceinimag....es/Images/2007/02/Tr
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A....ndromeda_Galaxy#medi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T....riangulum_Galaxy#med
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H....ubble_Space_Telescop
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad...._astronomy/2013/12/2
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad...._astronomy/2012/12/2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N....icolaus_Copernicus#m
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T....ycho_Brahe#mediaview
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J....ohannes_Kepler#media
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I....saac_Newton#mediavie
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G....alileo_Galilei#media
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad...._astronomy/2012/09/2

In which Adriene Hill and Jacob Clifford teach you about one of the fundamental economic ideas, supply and demand. What is supply and demand? Well, you’ll have to watch the video to really understand it, but it’s kind of important for everything economically. Supply and demand sets prices, and indicates to manufacturers how much to produce. Also, it has a lot to do with strawberries.

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Mark, Jan Schmid, Simun Niclasen, Robert Kunz, Daniel Baulig, Jason A Saslow, Eric Kitchen, Christian, Beatrice Jin, Anna-Ester Volozh, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Stephen Lawless, Today I Found Out, James Craver, Jessica Wode, Sandra Aft, Jacob Ash, SR Foxley, Christy Huddleston, Steve Marshall, Chris Peters

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In the penultimate episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank explains your adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system's humoral response guards extracellular terrain against pathogens. Hank also explains B cells, antibodies, and how vaccines work.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

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Chapters:
Introduction: Adaptive Immune Responses 00:00
How B Cells Identify Antigens 2:14
B Cells Become Effector Cells & Memory Cells 4:05
How Antibodies Fight Antigens 5:22
Active and Passive Humoral Immunity 6:03
How Vaccines Work 6:27
Review 8:30

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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks

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In which John Green investigates the dawn of human civilization. John looks into how people gave up hunting and gathering to become agriculturalists, and how that change has influenced the world we live in today. Also, there are some jokes about cheeseburgers.

Additional reading:
Nisa by Marjorie Shostak: https://bit.ly/3M5Ikyq
First Farmers by Peter Bellwood: https://bit.ly/3jHBNxL

Chapters:
About the Test 00:00
The Journey of a Double Cheeseburger 1:04
Early Humans: Hunting and Foraging 02:18
Advantages & Disadvantages of Agriculture 03:39
An Open Letter to Elephants 06:49
Why did the Agricultural Revolution Happen? 07:51
Credits 10:38

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