We’ve talked about many important concepts for engineers, but today we’re going to discuss a hugely important one that you might not even realize is an engineering concept: ethics. We’ll talk about what a Code of Ethics is. We’ll explore engineering ethics and the ethical theories of utilitarianism, rights ethics, and duty ethics. We’ll also take a look at a few different real life examples of ethical problems in engineering.

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

Check out Origin of Everything: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCiB8h9jD2Mlxx96ZF

***

RESOURCES:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/in....troduction/intro_1.s
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethic
https://www.nspe.org/resources/ethics/code-ethics
https://www.asce.org/question-....of-ethics-articles/a
https://www.asce.org/question-....of-ethics-articles/j
http://www.asce.org/code-of-ethics/
https://plato.stanford.edu/ent....ries/utilitarianism-
https://onlinemasters.ohio.edu..../blog/ultimate-guide
https://www.raeng.org.uk/polic....y/engineering-ethics
https://interestingengineering.....com/understanding-h

***

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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Jennifer French Lee, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Ian Dundore
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In this episode of Crash Course Film History, we talk about the development of the language of films by filmmakers like Edwin S. Porter and his films; Life of an American Fireman and The Great Train Robbery.


Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Want to know more about Craig?
https://www.youtube.com/user/wheezywaiter

The Latest from PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

***

Images and Video Used are in the Public Domain and from the Library of Congress.

***

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How did we get here? Well, in terms of Atomic Chemistry, Hank takes us on a tour of the folks that were part of the long chain of other folks who helped us get to these deeper understandings of the world. From Leucippus to Heisenberg to you - yes, YOU - the story of Atomic Chemistry is all wibbly-wobbly... and amazing.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents

Leucippus, Democritus & Atomic Theory 0:09
Discharge Tubes 1:52
Ernest Rutherford & The Nucleus 4:22
Chemistry = Math 7:22
Niels Bohr Model 5:32
Heisenburg & Quantum Theory 6:35
--

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I'm sure you've heard of Isaac Newton and maybe of some of his laws. Like, that thing about "equal and opposite reactions" and such. But what do his laws mean? And how do they help us understand the world around us? In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini talks to us about just that.

***
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks


--

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Today Hank kicks off our look around MISSION CONTROL: the nervous system.

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Chapters:
Introduction: Hank's Morning Routine 00:00
Nervous System Functions: Sensory Input, Integration, and Motor Output 1:17
Organization of Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems 2:16
Neurons & Glial Cells 3:42
Central Nervous System Glial Cells: Astrocytes, Microglial, Ependymal, and Oligodendrocytes 4:17
Peripheral Nervous System Glial Cells: Satellite and Schwann 4:56
Cool Neuron Facts! 5:15
Neuron Structure 6:20
Classifying Neuron Structures: Multipolar, Bipolar, and Unipolar 7:00
Classifying Neuron Functionality: Sensory (Afferent), Motor (Efferent), Interneurons (Association) 7:47
Review 9:42
Credits 10:14

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Today, Hank answers the question, "Why do we use lotion?" We'll take a look at your integumentary system and all the hard work it does to protect you from and help you interact with the world around you.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
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Chapters:
Introduction: Why Do We Use Lotion? 00:00
Protective & Sensory Functions of the Integumentary System 1:23
More Functions: removing waste, storing blood, and regulating body temperature 2:16
Skin Discoloration: Cyanosis, Jaundice, and Erythema 3:46
Melanin, Vitamin D, and Skin Tone 4:39
How Does Hair Conditioner Work? 5:40
How Do Hair, Skin, and Nails Grow? 6:17
Types of Sweat Glands: Eccrine, Apocrine, Mammary, and Ceruminous 6:55
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands 8:17
Review 9:05
Credits 9:33

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Today Hank explores artificial intelligence, including weak AI and strong AI, and the various ways that thinkers have tried to define strong AI including the Turing Test, and John Searle’s response to the Turing Test, the Chinese Room. Hank also tries to figure out one of the more personally daunting questions yet: is his brother John a robot?

Curious about AI? Check out this playlist from Crash Course Artificial Intelligence: https://youtube.com/playlist?l....ist=PL8dPuuaLjXtO65L

--

All other images and video either public domain or via VideoBlocks, or Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Crash Course Philosophy is sponsored by Squarespace.
http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

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Energy is like the bestest best friend ever and yet, most of the time we take it for granted. Hank feels bad for our friend and wants us to learn more about it so that we can understand what it's trying to tell us - like that any bond between two atoms contains energy. How much energy? That's not the simplest question to answer, but today Hank will answer it (kinda), by teaching us about a nifty little thing called enthalpy.

If you are paying attention to this episode you'll learn what the state function is, and how it varies from a path-dependent function; why enthalpy change is different from heat; that bonds are energy and to form and break them they release and absorb heat to and from their environment. You'll get the quickest introduction to calorimetry ever (more on that in upcoming episodes) and learn the power of Hess's Law and how to use Germain Hess's concept of the standard enthalpy of formation to calculate exactly how much heat is produced by any chemical reaction.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents
State Function 1:50
Path-Dependent Function 1:15
Enthalpy 2:58
Bonds are Energy 5:10
Colorimetry 5:36
Hess' Law 6:19
Standard Enthalpy of Formation 7:24

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This week we introduce sociology’s three major theoretical paradigms, and some of the advantages and disadvantages of each paradigm.

Crash Course is made with Adobe Creative Cloud. Get a free trial here: https://www.adobe.com/creativecloud.html

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Les Aker, Robert Kunz, William McGraw, Jeffrey Thompson, Jason A Saslow, Rizwan Kassim, Eric Prestemon, Malcolm Callis, Steve Marshall, Advait Shinde, Rachel Bright, Kyle Anderson, Ian Dundore, Tim Curwick, Ken Penttinen, Caleb Weeks, Kathrin Janßen, Nathan Taylor, Yana Leonor, Andrei Krishkevich, Brian Thomas Gossett, Chris Peters, Kathy & Tim Philip, Mayumi Maeda, Eric Kitchen, SR Foxley, Justin Zingsheim, Andrea Bareis, Moritz Schmidt, Bader AlGhamdi, Jessica Wode, Daniel Baulig, Jirat

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What exactly are Personality Disorders? How can they be diagnosed? Can we prevent some of them? In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank gives us the down-low on things like Ego-Dystonic and Ego-Syntonic Disorders, Borderline and Antisocial Personality Disorders, and the potential biological, psychological, and social roots of these disorders.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

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Chapters:
Introduction: Personality Disorders 00:00
Ego-Dystonic vs. Ego-Syntonic Disorders 00:44
Personality Disorders 1:12
Modern Classifications of Personality Disorders 2:03
Three Clusters of Personality Disorders 2:23
Overlapping Traits, PDNOS, & the Dimensional Model of Personality Disorders 3:35
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) 4:31
Anti-Social Personality Disorder (Psychopathy & Sociopathy) 5:29
Early Indicators & Genetic Factors of Anti-Social Personality Disorder 6:54
Neural Basis of Anti-Social Personality Disorder 7:58
Treatments for Anti-Social Personality Disorder 9:01
Review & Credits 10:07
--
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They say money can't buy happiness, but who are they? Can money buy happiness? The answer is: sort of. While money may not be able to buy true happiness, lack of money can cause very real misery. Today, we look at the economics of happiness, and talk about how much money it takes to be happy. And where you should live to maximize your income-to-happiness ratio.


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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks, and Sheikh Kori Rahman.

--

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In which John Green teaches you about the life and death of one of history's great explorers, Captain James Cook of the British Navy. He charted large swaths of the Pacific ocean, laid claim to Australia and New Zealand, and died a bizarre death in the Sandwich Islands, which are now called the Hawaiian Islands. Exactly how and why Captain Cook was killed in Hawaii is a long-running historical debate. John presents two interpretations of the event and talks about what the differing interpretations say about history. It turns out how the story is told depends on who is doing the storytelling, and people from different backgrounds can interpret events in very different ways. Also, there is a celebration and a mustache involved in this episode, so you definitely don't want to miss it.

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Captain James Cook 0:33
An Open Letter to "The White Man's Burden" 2:44
Captain Cook's Controversial Death 3:40
Interpretations of Captain Cook's Death: Makahiki 4:19
Issues with the Ritual Death Story 5:19
How Cook Actually (Probably) Died 6:34
Why Did Cook's Ritual Death Myth Persist? 8:03
Credits 10:00

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Today we are moving on from the existence of God to look at the philosophical debate surrounding the traditional divine attributes - omnipotence, omniscience, omnitemporality, and omnibenevolence. We are exploring the puzzles that these attributes create as well as some possible solutions to those puzzles, from Aquinas’ ideas of analogical predication, to the work of Eleanor Stump.

--

"The Avengers" copyright 2012 Marvel Studios
"Suicide Squad" copyright 2016 Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc.
All other images and via Wikimedia Commons licensed under Creative Commons by 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Crash Course Philosophy is sponsored by Squarespace.
http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

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We’ve covered a lot of incredible stuff, but this week we’re talking about the weirdest objects in space: BLACK HOLES. Stellar-mass black holes form when a very massive star dies, and its core collapses. The core has to be more than about 2.8 times the Sun’s mass to form a black hole. Black holes come in different sizes, but for all of them, the escape velocity is greater than the speed of light, so nothing can escape, not matter or light. They don’t wander the Universe gobbling everything down around them; their gravity is only really intense very close to them. Tides near a stellar mass black hole will spaghettify you, and time slows down when you get near a black hole — not that this helps much if you’re falling in.

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron

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Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
How Black Holes Are Formed 1:03
Misconceptions About Black Holes 3:05
Stellar Mass Black Holes 5:03
Spaghettification 5:50
Black Holes Warp Space-Time 8:00
Review 11:07
--

PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

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--

PHOTOS/VIDEOS
White Dwarf Pulses Like a Pulsar http://www.nasa.gov/centers/go....ddard/news/topstory/ [credit: NASA, Casey Reed]
Swift Reveals New Phenomenon in a Neutron Star http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pa....ges/swift/bursts/new [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center]
Black Holes - Monsters in Space https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:Black_Holes_-_M [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech, Wikimedia Commons]
What if the Sun became a black hole? (artist's impression) http://www.spacetelescope.org/....videos/hubblecast43g [credit: ESA/Hubble (M. Kornmesser)]
Black Hole Animation http://chandra.harvard.edu/pho....to/2003/0203long/ani [credit: NASA/SAO/CXC/D.Berry]
Star Destroyer http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center]
Black hole deforms space http://www.spacetelescope.org/....videos/hst15_blackho [credit: ESA/Hubble (M. Kornmesser & L. L. Christensen)]
Black hole close-up (artist's impression) http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic0211c/ [credit: European Space Agency, NASA and Felix Mirabel (the French Atomic Energy Commission & the Institute for Astronomy and Space Physics/Conicet of Argentina)]

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse


Last week, we met the Presocratics: despite having by any reasonable standard invented science in Europe, these thinkers are lumped together today as simply “not Socrates.”
So who was this smarty pants? In this episode Hank talks to us about Socrates and his two important students, Plato and Aristotle.

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark Brouwer, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, Robert Kunz, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Evren Türkmenoğlu, Alexander Tamas, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, mark austin, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft, Steve Marshall
--

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Hank describes how cells regulate their contents and communicate with one another via mechanisms within the cell membrane.

"Concert" music used with permission from Chameleon Circuit.
This video uses sounds from Freesound.org

Table of Contents time codes:
1) Passive Transport - 1:17
2) Diffusion - 1:25
3) Osmosis - 2:12
4) Channel Proteins- 4:37
5) Active Transport - 4:58
6) ATP - 5:37
7) Transport Proteins - 6:19
8) Biolography - 6:37
9) Vesicular Transport - 9:02
10) Exocytosis - 9:21
11) Endocytosis - 9:50
12) Phagocytosis - 9:57
13) Pinocytosis - 10:29
14) Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis - 10:48

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Today, we're going to take a closer look at how the oceans circulate by following the life of a discarded water bottle as it gets snagged in the North Pacific Garbage Patch. We'll talk about what causes the movement of water, called current, both near the surface and much deeper in the oceans, and we'll show how they follow similar (but not identical) paths to the winds. Ocean circulation plays a huge role in cycling vital nutrients within the seas and helps us transport goods on ships across the globe and it's up to us to protect it.

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Aziz, Christine Phelan, Nick, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Laura Damon, Andrei Krishkevich, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Brian Thomas Gossett, Ian Dundore, Jason A Saslow, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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#CrashCourse #Geography #Oceans

Despite all the hardship of being a Black person in Colonial America, some Black people were able to defy the harsh conditions and create art. Today we're learning about a teenager who attained literacy and wrote poems that reached a large slice of the population and helped changed the ways that white Colonists thought about Black people.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

VIDEO SOURCES

Catherine Adams and Elizabeth H. Pleck, Love of Freedom: Black Women in Colonial and Revolutionary New England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
Vincent Carretta, Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a Genius in Bondage (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011).
Woody Holton, Black Americans in the Revolutionary Era: A Brief History with Documents (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2009).
·Winthrop D. Jordan, White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1969).
Jessica M. Parr, Inventing George Whitefield: Race, Revivalism, and the Making of a Religious Icon (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi Press, 2015).
THE BAD-ASS LIBRARIANS OF TIMBUKTU, (2017), https://www.simonandschuster.c....om/books/The-Bad-Ass (last visited Oct 14, 2020).
ORAL EPICS FROM AFRICA :VIBRANT VOICES FROM A VAST CONTINENT /, (c1997), http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.32106014509043.
Claude Sumner, The Light and the Shadow: Zera Yacob and Walda Heywat: Two Ethiopian Philosophers of the Seventeenth Century 172–182 (2005).
On the Death of George Whitefield by Phillis Wheatley Analysis & Poem, , POEM OF QUOTES: READ, WRITE, LEARN , https://www.poemofquotes.com/p....hilliswheatley/on-th (last visited Oct 22, 2020).
Waddill v. Chamberlayne, 1735 Va. LEXIS 3 (Apr. 1, 1735).


Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

VIDEO SOURCES

-Catherine Adams and Elizabeth H. Pleck, Love of Freedom: Black Women in Colonial and Revolutionary New England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
-Vincent Carretta, Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a Genius in Bondage (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011).
-Woody Holton, Black Americans in the Revolutionary Era: A Brief History with Documents (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2009).
·-Winthrop D. Jordan, White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1969).
-Jessica M. Parr, Inventing George Whitefield: Race, Revivalism, and the Making of a Religious Icon (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi Press, 2015).
-THE BAD-ASS LIBRARIANS OF TIMBUKTU, (2017), https://www.simonandschuster.c....om/books/The-Bad-Ass (last visited Oct 14, 2020).
ORAL EPICS FROM AFRICA :VIBRANT VOICES FROM A VAST CONTINENT /, (c1997), http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.32106014509043.
-Claude Sumner, The Light and the Shadow: Zera Yacob and Walda Heywat: Two Ethiopian Philosophers of the Seventeenth Century 172–182 (2005).
-On the Death of George Whitefield by Phillis Wheatley Analysis & Poem, , POEM OF QUOTES: READ, WRITE, LEARN , https://www.poemofquotes.com/p....hilliswheatley/on-th (last visited Oct 22, 2020).
-Waddill v. Chamberlayne, 1735 Va. LEXIS 3 (Apr. 1, 1735).


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#crashcourse #history #philliswheatley

In which John teaches you about the Seven Years' War, which may have lasted nine years. Or as many as 23. It was a very confusing war. The Seven Years War was a global war, fought on five continents, which is kind of a lot. John focuses on the war as it happened in the Americas, Asia, and Africa. the "great" European powers were the primary combatants, but they fought just about everywhere. Of course, this being a history course, the outcomes of this war still resonate in our lives today. The Seven Years' war determined the direction of the British Empire and led pretty directly to the subject of Episode 28, the American Revolution.

Chapters:
Introduction: War 00:00
The Seven Years War: When, Where, and Why 1:43
The British vs. the French 2:52
Native American Participation in The Seven Years War 4:04
Fighting in the Caribbean, West Africa, and India 6:16
An Open Letter to Robert Clive 8:30
The Outcome of the Seven Years War 9:47
Credits 11:29

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Today we’re rounding out our planetary tour with ice giants Uranus and Neptune. Both have small rocky cores, thick mantles of ammonia, water, and methane, and atmospheres that make them look greenish and blue. Uranus has a truly weird rotation and relatively dull weather, while Neptune has clouds and storms whipped by tremendous winds. Both have rings and moons, with Neptune’s Triton probably being a captured iceball that has active geology.

This episode was brought to you by Squarespace http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Uranus 00:00
Uranus's Structure 1:35
Uranus's Atmosphere 2:53
Uranus's Weird Tilt 3:55
Uranus's Moons 5:12
Uranus's Rings 6:00
Neptune's Structure 6:35
Neptune's Atmosphere 7:02
Neptune's Magnetic Field & Rings 8:10
Triton: Neptune's Largest Moon 8:36
The Discovery of Neptune 9:52
Review 11:27
--

PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

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--

PHOTOS/VIDEOS
Uranus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V....oyager_2#/media/File [credit: NASA/JPL/Voyager mission]
Neptune https://www.nasa.gov/content/2....5-years-ago-voyager- [credit: NASA]
King George III http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G....eorge_III_of_the_Uni
Uranus from Earth picture by Phil Plait
Uranus, Earth size comparison http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:Uranus,_Earth_si [credit: NASA]
Uranus core, reconstructed from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:Uranus-intern-en [credit: Wikimedia Commons]
Uranus http://www.spacetelescope.org/....static/archives/imag [credit: NASA, ESA, L. Sromovsky and P. Fry (University of Wisconsin), H. Hammel (Space Science Institute), and K. Rages (SETI Institute)]
Uranus storms http://www.keckobservatory.org..../images/made/images/ [credit: Imke de Pater (UC–Berkeley)/Keck Observatory]
Uranus and rings (tilt demonstration) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U....ranus#/media/File:Ur [credit: Hubble Space Telescope - NASA Marshall Space Flight Center]
Uranus with rings and moons http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0237a/ [credit: ESO]
Miranda http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M....oons_of_Uranus#/medi [credit: NASA]
Verona Rupes http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110404.html [credit: NASA]
Neptune’s Interior https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/m....ultimedia/display.cf [credit: Lunar and Planetary Institute]
Neptune clouds http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:Neptune_clouds.j [credit: NASA]
Neptune’s Great Dark Spot http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N....eptune#/media/File:N [credit: NASA / Jet Propulsion Lab]
Neptune’s Rings http://www.rolfolsenastrophoto....graphy.com/Astrophot [credit: Rolf Wahl Olsen / NASA/JPL (Voyager 2, NASA Planetary Data System)]
Triton http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T....riton_(moon)#/media/ [credit: NASA / Jet Propulsion Lab / U.S. Geological Survey]
Triton flipped http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:PIA01538_Triton_ [credit: NASA/JPL]
Triton Nitrogen Geysers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T....riton_(moon)#/media/ NASA]

Russia went and had a revolution in 1917 and cinema was a big part of its aftermath. Even though film stock was hard to come by, we saw the first film school started, and the study of film became hugely important. Russian filmmakers started trying to understand the power of the cut itself, thus developing a theory of filmmaking based solely around the juxtaposition of images: Soviet Montage. In this episode of Crash Course Film History, Craig talks us through some of the filmic things going on in post-revolution era Russia.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Want to know more about Craig?
https://www.youtube.com/user/wheezywaiter

The Latest from PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

***
Movies Discussed in this episode:
Battleship Potempkin: 1925 - Dir. Sergei Eisenstein

Man with a Movie Camera: 1929 - Dir. Dziga Vertov

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince: 2009 - Dir. David Yates
Property of Warner Bros. Pictures

Psycho: 1960 - Dir. Alfred Hitchcock
Property of Paramount Pictures

The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly: 1966 - Dir. Sergio Leone
Property of 20th Century FOX

Youth of Maxim: 1935 - Dir. Grigori Kozintsev, Leonid Trauberg

***

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How does education work? Where does the money come from? Who pays for it? Is going to college a good investment? Adriene and Jacob are talking today about the economics of education. Most countries require that their citizens get some education, and most countries pay for basic education, but the quality of education can vary widely. And in the US, post-secondary education can come with a lot of costs.

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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

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--

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Today we’re rounding out our planetary tour with ice giants Uranus and Neptune. Both have small rocky cores, thick mantles of ammonia, water, and methane, and atmospheres that make them look greenish and blue. Uranus has a truly weird rotation and relatively dull weather, while Neptune has clouds and storms whipped by tremendous winds. Both have rings and moons, with Neptune’s Triton probably being a captured iceball that has active geology.

This episode was brought to you by Squarespace http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Uranus 00:00
Uranus's Structure 1:35
Uranus's Atmosphere 2:53
Uranus's Weird Tilt 3:55
Uranus's Moons 5:12
Uranus's Rings 6:00
Neptune's Structure 6:35
Neptune's Atmosphere 7:02
Neptune's Magnetic Field & Rings 8:10
Triton: Neptune's Largest Moon 8:36
The Discovery of Neptune 9:52
Review 11:27
--

PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

--

PHOTOS/VIDEOS
Uranus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V....oyager_2#/media/File [credit: NASA/JPL/Voyager mission]
Neptune https://www.nasa.gov/content/2....5-years-ago-voyager- [credit: NASA]
King George III http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G....eorge_III_of_the_Uni
Uranus from Earth picture by Phil Plait
Uranus, Earth size comparison http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:Uranus,_Earth_si [credit: NASA]
Uranus core, reconstructed from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:Uranus-intern-en [credit: Wikimedia Commons]
Uranus http://www.spacetelescope.org/....static/archives/imag [credit: NASA, ESA, L. Sromovsky and P. Fry (University of Wisconsin), H. Hammel (Space Science Institute), and K. Rages (SETI Institute)]
Uranus storms http://www.keckobservatory.org..../images/made/images/ [credit: Imke de Pater (UC–Berkeley)/Keck Observatory]
Uranus and rings (tilt demonstration) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U....ranus#/media/File:Ur [credit: Hubble Space Telescope - NASA Marshall Space Flight Center]
Uranus with rings and moons http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0237a/ [credit: ESO]
Miranda http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M....oons_of_Uranus#/medi [credit: NASA]
Verona Rupes http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110404.html [credit: NASA]
Neptune’s Interior https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/m....ultimedia/display.cf [credit: Lunar and Planetary Institute]
Neptune clouds http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:Neptune_clouds.j [credit: NASA]
Neptune’s Great Dark Spot http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N....eptune#/media/File:N [credit: NASA / Jet Propulsion Lab]
Neptune’s Rings http://www.rolfolsenastrophoto....graphy.com/Astrophot [credit: Rolf Wahl Olsen / NASA/JPL (Voyager 2, NASA Planetary Data System)]
Triton http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T....riton_(moon)#/media/ [credit: NASA / Jet Propulsion Lab / U.S. Geological Survey]
Triton flipped http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:PIA01538_Triton_ [credit: NASA/JPL]
Triton Nitrogen Geysers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T....riton_(moon)#/media/ NASA]

In which John relates a condensed history of India, post-Indus Valley Civilization. John explores Hinduism and the origins of Buddhism. He also gets into the reign of Ashoka, the Buddhist emperor who, in spite of Buddhism's structural disapproval of violence, managed to win a bunch of battles.

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
The Vedas 0:55
The Caste System 1:33
Dharma 2:40
Samsara, Moksha, and Karma 3:33
Buddhism 5:18
Chutes and Ladders 8:04
Ashoka 9:18
Hinduism 11:04
Credits 11:47

Resources:
India: A History by John Keay: https://bit.ly/3uEgVxE
The Bhagavad Gita: https://bit.ly/3O8A96l
The Bhagavad Gita, Upanishads, and Rig Veda, all-in-one edition: https://bit.ly/3xqP85N

Credits:
Executive Producer: John Green
Producer: Stan Muller
Writer and historian: Raoul Meyer
Script Supervisor: Danica Johnson
Music: Jason Weidner

Thought Bubble is a product of the Smart Bubble Society: http://dft.ba/-smartbubble
the Smart Bubble Society is:
Suzanna Brusikiewicz
Jonathon Corbiere
Nick Counter
Allan Levy
James Tuer
Adam Winnik

Set Design: Donna Sink
Props: Brian McCutcheon

Photos:
David Shankbone
ClipWorks

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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In which John compares and contrasts Greek civilization and the Persian Empire. Of course, we're glad that Greek civilization spawned modern western civilization, right? Maybe not. From Socrates and Plato to Darius and Xerxes, John explains two of the great powers of the ancient world, all WITHOUT the use of footage from 300.

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
The Persian Empire 0:39
An Open Letter to Aristophanes 3:33
Ionian Greek City-States 5:04
The Persian Wars 5:44
The Peloponnesian War 7:21
Did the Right Side Win the Persian Wars? 9:09
Credits 11:09

Resources:
The Histories of Herodotus: http://goo.gl/I1TM9u
Plato: http://goo.gl/GEcfWX
Plays of Aristophanes: http://goo.gl/xzb9Ff

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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