Now that we’re done with the planets, asteroid belt, and comets, we’re heading to the outskirts of the solar system. Out past Neptune are vast reservoirs of icy bodies that can become comets if they get poked into the inner solar system. The Kuiper Belt is a donut shape aligned with the plane of the solar system; the scattered disk is more eccentric and is the source of short-period comets, and the Oort Cloud which surrounds the solar system out to great distances is the source of long-period comets. These bodies all probably formed closer to the Sun and got flung out to the solar system’s suburbs by gravitational interactions with the outer planets.

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron

--

Chapters:
Introduction: Where Do Comets Come From? 00:00
Kuiper Belt, Scattered Disk, and Oort Cloud 2:52
Long-Period Comets come from the Oort Cloud 4:03
Short-Period Comets come from the Scattered Disk 4:27
Pluto, Plutinos, and other Kuiper Belt Objects 4:47
Oort Cloud Objects 8:25
Review 10:38
--

PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

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--

PHOTOS/VIDEOS
HD Long Exposure Star Timelapse https://vimeo.com/34172172 [credit: Jeffrey Beach, Beachfront B-Roll]
Fine Structure in the Comet’s Jets http://blogs.esa.int/rosetta/2....015/01/16/fine-struc http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P....rotoplanetary_disk#m [credit: ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA]
Artist's impression of a protoplanetary disk. [credit: ESO/L. Calçada - ESO]
Creating Gas Giants http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center]
What is a Sungrazing Comet? http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center]
Pluto/Neptune Orbit http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/files..../images/browse/pluto [credit: NASA]
1992 QB1 http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/mu....ltimedia/gallery/199 [credit: ESO]
Eris http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap060918.html [credit: W. M. Keck Observatory]
Moons of Pluto http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K....erberos_(moon)#/medi [credit: NASA, ESA, and M. Showalter (SETI institute)]
New Horizons Approach http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/common..../content/animations/ [credit: JHUAPL]
Moon http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....000000/a003800/a0038 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio]
Pluto http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?Category=Planets&IM_ID=20073 [credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute]
Sedna’s Orbit http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Sedna-PIA05 [credit: NASA]
Artist’s Conception of Kuiper Belt http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:14-281-KuiperBel [credit: NASA, Wikimedia Commons]
Kuiper Belt World (video) http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/video/41 [credit: NASA Kepler Mission/Dana Berry]
Pluto Discovery Plates http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/....cdm/singleitem/colle [credit: Clyde Tombaugh, Lowell Observatory]

In which John Green teaches you about the war that was supposed to end all wars. Instead, it solved nothing and set the stage for the world to be back at war just a couple of decades later. As an added bonus, World War I changed the way people look at the world, and normalized cynicism and irony. John will teach you how the assassination of an Austrian Archduke kicked off a new kind of war that involved more nations and more people than any war that came before. New technology like machine guns, airplanes, tanks, and poison gas made killing more efficient than ever. Trench warfare and modern weapons led to battles in which tens of thousands of soldiers were killed in a day, with no ground gained for either side. World War I washed away the last vestiges of 19th-century Romanticism and paved the way for the 20th-century modernism that we all know and find to be cold and off-putting. While there may not be much upside to WWI, at least it inspired George M. Cohan to write the awesome song, "Over There."

Chapters:
Introduction: The Great War 00:00
Causes of World War I 0:45
Who is to blame for starting WWI? 2:17
Trench Warfare 3:11
Combatants From Around the World 3:42
Casualties of World War I 4:05
Soldiers' Sentiments During the WWI 5:35
An Open Letter to Alcohol 7:37
Outcomes of WWI 8:24
Credits 11:07

Resources:
Over There by George M. Cohan, performed by Bill Murray: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbggEGUaE28
The Guns of August by Barbara Tuchman: https://bit.ly/37lYqoK

Interested in learning more? Check out these other Crash Course videos about WWI:
How World War I Started: Crash Course World History #209: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cd2ch4XV84s
Who Started World War I: Crash Course World History #210: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pFCpKtwCkI
America in World War I: Crash Course US History #30: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y59wErqg4Xg
The Roads to World War I: Crash Course European History #32: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGlmlSTn-eM
World War I Battlefields: Crash Course European History #33: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIiDULrXaqQ
WWI's Civilians, the Homefront, and an Uneasy Peace: Crash Course European History #34: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPXNZkGYJHM
Post-World War I Recovery: Crash Course European History #36: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzWL2XPBHMk

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In which John Green teaches you about various reform movements in the 19th century United States. From Utopian societies to the Second Great Awakening to the Abolition movement, American society was undergoing great changes in the first half of the 19th century. Attempts at idealized societies popped up (and universally failed) at Utopia, OH, New Harmony, IN, Modern Times, NY, and many other places around the country. These utopians had a problem with mainstream society, and their answer was to withdraw into their own little worlds. Others didn't like the society they saw and decided to try to change it. Relatively new Protestant denominations like the Methodists and Baptists reached out to "the unchurched" during the Second Great Awakening, and membership in evangelical sects of Christianity rose quickly. At the same time, Abolitionist societies were trying to free the slaves. Americans of the 19th century had looked at the world they were living in and decided to change it.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode.
Of all of the reform movements of the 1800s, few were as impactful as the movement to abolish slavery: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/the-revolutionary-
Women were heavily involved in the abolitionist movement and firsthand stories like freed slave Harriet Ann Jacobs' Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl were important to the cause: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/what-slaves-are-ta

Learn more about the abolitionist movement in Crash Course Black American History:
Maria Stewart (#14): https://youtu.be/nsVnWD5PrIg
Frederick Douglass (#17): https://youtu.be/7QOTexnD-NE

Chapters:
Introduction: Religious & Moral Reform Movements of the 19th Century 00:00
Shaker Communities 0:33
Latter Day Saints 1:21
Brook Farm 1:46
Other Utopian Communities 2:50
The 2nd Great Awakening 3:21
The Oneida Community 3:44
Values of the 2nd Great Awakening 4:25
The Temperance Movement 5:59
Asylums 7:02
Common Schools 7:29
The Abolitionist Movement 8:13
Resistance to the Abolitionist Movement 10:02
Abolitionist Writers 10:45
Mystery Document 11:40
Frederick Douglass 13:06
Credits 14:14

There's an invisible force shaping our lives, affecting the weather, climate, land, economy, and just whether a flag looks majestic or not - we're talking about the wind! Today we’re going to go into the science of where the wind comes from and take a closer look at the major wind systems and pressure belts across the globe. We'll explain how the Coriolis effect causes the winds to curve (and makes air travel a bit more complicated), explore the doldrums and horse latitudes that could stall ships for days, and show the enormous impact the trade winds had on European colonization of the Americas.

Sources

Bryant, R.H. 1990. Physical Geography. Rupa and Co.
Christopherson, R.W. 2010: Elemental Geosystems. Prentice Hall
Strahler, A. Introducing Physical Geography. 5th Edition.Wiley and Sons.
Petersen, J. et al. 2011. Fundamentals of Physical Geography. Cengage.

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Christine Phelan, Nick, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Laura Damon, Andrei Krishkevich, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Brian Thomas Gossett, Ian Dundore, Jason A Saslow, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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#CrashCourse #Geography #Wind

In which John Green teaches you about the Industrial Economy that arose in the United States after the Civil War. You know how when you're studying history, and you're reading along and everything seems safely in the past, and then BOOM you think, "Man, this suddenly seems very modern." For me, that moment in US History is the post-Reconstruction expansion of industrialism in America. After the Civil War, many of the changes in technology and ideas gave rise to this new industrialism. You'll learn about the rise of Captains of Industry (or Robber Barons) like Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew Carnegie, John D Rockefeller, and JP Morgan. You'll learn about trusts, combinations, and how the government responded to these new business practices. All this, plus John will cover how workers reacted to the changes in society and the early days of the labor movement. You'll learn about the Knights of Labor and Terence Powderly, as well as Samuel Gompers and the AFL.

Chapters:
Introduction: American Industrialization 00:00
Geography, Demography, and Law 1:04
Geography & Resources 1:22
America's Changing Demographics 1:37
Laws & Economics 2:14
Changes in the American Workforce 2:59
How Railroads Impacted the Economy 3:26
Mystery Document 5:02
Robber Barrons 6:02
Cornelius Vanderbilt 6:23
John D. Rockefeller 6:39
Vertical Integration 7:04
Horizontal Integration 7:40
J.P. Morgan 7:58
Industrial Workers 8:13
The Knights of Labor 9:08
The American Federation of Labor 9:48
Social Darwinism 10:13
Organized Labor Uprisings 10:47
Credits 11:59

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In 1910, 90% of Black Americans lived in the South. By 1940, around 1.5 million Black Americans had left their homes, and 77% lived in the South. By 1970, 52% of Black Americans remained in the South. People moved away for many reasons, including increased opportunity in the more industrial North and West. They sought a relatively safer life away from the lynchings and violence that were concentrated in the South. This Great Migration shaped 20th-century America in countless ways, but we're going to try to count some of them in this video.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

VIDEO SOURCES
https://www.cnn.com/politics/l....ive-news/georgia-vot
Davarian Baldwin, Chicago’s New Negroes: Modernity, the Great Migration, and Urban Black Life (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2007).
Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration (New York: Random House, 2010).
https://www.britannica.com/topic/sharecropping
The Origins of Southern Sharecropping, Edward Royce, 1993


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__

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#crashcourse #history #blackhistory

World War I was a total war for millions of people in Europe. Many men were enlisted in the fighting, but the war work had implications for the daily lives of a huge number of Europeans. Women entered the workforce in huge numbers, and for a lot of people, the battles raged through their towns, cities, and even their homes.

In addition to learning about the homefronts of the war, we're going to look at how the war ended, and how the Paris Peace Conference and the treaties that resulted did little to heal the societal wounds of the war, and in many ways set the stage for the next big war.

Sources

-Akin, Yigit. “War, Women, and the State: The Politics of Sacrifice in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War,” Journal of Women’s History. Vol. 26, No. 3 (Fall 2014).
-Gerwarth, Robert. The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2016.
-Hunt, Lynn et al. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, 5th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2016.
-McMeekin, Sean. The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution, and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908-1923. New York: Penguin, 2015.
-Sanborn, Joshua A. Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

***

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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Efrain R. Pedroza, Matthew Curls, Indika Siriwardena, Avi Yashchin, Timothy J Kwist, Brian Thomas Gossett, Haixiang N/A Liu, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Jennifer Killen, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, David Noe, Shawn Arnold, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--

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#crashcourse #europeanhistory #worldwarI

In which John Green teaches you about the American Revolution. And the Revolutionary War. I know we've labored the point here, but they weren't the same thing. In any case, John will teach you about the major battles of the war, and discuss the strategies on both sides. Everyone is familiar with how this war played out for the Founding Fathers; they got to become the Founding Fathers. But what did the revolution mean to the common people in the United States? For white, property-owning males, it was pretty sweet. They gained rights that were a definite step up from being British Colonial citizens. For everyone else, the short-term gains were not clear. Women's rights were unaffected, and slaves remained in slavery. As for poor white folks, they remained poor and disenfranchised. The reality is it took a long time for this whole democracy thing to get underway, and the principles of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness weren't immediately available to all these newly minted Americans.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The Declaration of Independence not only initiated America's Revolutionary War but also laid the groundwork for some core principles of the new country: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/the-declaration-of
Many of the ideas in the Declaration of Independence came from political theorist John Locke's Political Society: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/political-society

Learn more about the American Revolution in these other Crash Course videos:
Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution: Crash Course World History #28: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlUiSBXQHCw
The American Revolution: Crash Course Black American History #8: https://youtu.be/y75yPx9WKHY

Chapters:
Introduction: The American Revolution 00:00
The Battles of the American War for Independence 1:15
Colonists and the American Revolutionary War 2:50
Slaves and the American Revolutionary War 3:41
Native Americans and the American Revolutionary War 4:32
Women and the American Revolutionary War 5:36
'Revolutionary' Ideas: Voting Rights 6:17
'Revolutionary' Ideas: Religious Freedom 6:47
How the American Revolution Affected the Economy 7:16
Mystery Document 7:44
Slavery and Hypocrisy in the American Colonies 8:54
American Ideals of Equality 11:13
Credits 12:12

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Enslaved people resisted their condition in a range of different ways. Oftentimes those ways were small and personal. There were also times when that resistance took on larger, more dramatic forms, like with slave uprisings and rebellions. Today, we'll learn about the Stono Rebellion, which was an uprising led by enslaved people in South Carolina in 1784. We'll also talk about ways that enslaved people resisted in general and methods like enforced illiteracy used by those who sought to keep people in bondage.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935


Sources and References
Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998.
Winthrop Jordan, White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968, reprinted in 2012)
Peter Wood, Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1974).


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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Vincent, Emilee Murphy, Michael Wang, Jordan willis, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, Nick, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Sam Ferguson, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, TheDaemonCatJr, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Jason A Saslow, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks


Sources and References
-Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998.
-Winthrop Jordan, White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968, reprinted in 2012)
-Peter Wood, Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1974).
__

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#crachcourse #history #rebellion

Today we're going to take a look at mineral extraction -- or the removal of rocks and minerals from the Earths' crust -- and examine how this human activity impacts all aspects of Geography. We'll focus on the Democratic Republic of the Congo and take a look at how the mining of minerals such as cobalt, has significantly impacted life in this region.

Sources
https://docs.google.com/docume....nt/d/1YdZ--u297RHCKL

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Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Shannon McCone, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Jaime Willis, Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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#CrashCourse #Geography #Mining

We make small choices like what to eat for lunch, but we also have to set goals, pick a career, and decide how to invest our hard-earned money. It’s not easy! We don’t want to make a decision out of fear, rather than doing what’s best for us. And we don’t want to regret a big choice and dwell on the “what ifs” either.

So today, we’re going to take a step back, understand how to really look at the decisions we’re making, and learn what not to do when facing a difficult choice.

***

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Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Zach Van Stanley, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Naman Goel, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--

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Take the 2017 PBS Digital Studios Survey: http://surveymonkey.com/r/pbsds2017. Today we’re going to create memory! Using the basic logic gates we discussed in episode 3 we can build a circuit that stores a single bit of information, and then through some clever scaling (and of course many new levels of abstraction) we’ll show you how we can construct the modern random-access memory, or RAM, found in our computers today. RAM is the working memory of a computer. It holds the information that is being executed by the computer and as such is a crucial component for a computer to operate. Next week we’ll use this RAM, and the ALU we made last episode, to help us construct our CPU - the heart of a computer.

*CORRECTION*

In our 16x16 Latch Matrix graphic, we inadvertently left off the horizontal row access line above the top row of latches. As a result, the highlighted line for the row at address 12 should actually be one line higher.


Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

The Latest from PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

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Want to know more about Carrie Anne?
https://about.me/carrieannephilbin

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This week Craig talks about police searches and seizures. Now, the fourth amendment says that you have the right to be protected against "unreasonable searches and seizures" but what exactly does this mean? Well, it's complicated. The police often need warrants issued with proof of probable cause, but this isn't always the case - such as when you're pulled over for a moving violation. We'll finish up with the limitations of these protections and discuss one group of people in particular that aren't protected equally - students.

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This week, Stan Muller teaches you how intellectual property law functions internationally. Like, between countries. Well, guess what. There's kind of no such thing as international law. But we can talk about treaties. There is a bevy of international treaties that regulate how countries deal with each others' IP. The upside is that this cooperation tends to foster international trade. The downside is that these treaties tend to stifle creativity by making it harder to shorten copyright terms. You win some, you lose some.

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--
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In which John Green teaches you about what westerners call the middle ages and the lives of the aristocracy...in Japan. The Heian period in Japan lasted from 794CE to 1185CE, and it was an interesting time in Japan. Rather than being known for a thriving economy, or particularly interesting politics, the most important things to come out of the Heian period were largely cultural. There was a flourishing of art and literature in the period, and a lot of that culture was created by women. The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu was the classic piece of literature of the day, and it gave a detailed look into the way the Aristocrats of the Heian period lived. While this doesn't give a lot of insight into the lives of daily people, it can be very valuable, and the idea of approaching history from a cultural perspective is a refreshing change from the usual military or political history that survives from so many eras.

Citation 1: Morris, Ivan, The World of the Shining Prince: Court Life in Ancient Japan. Vintage Books. 2013. p. 5
Citation 2: Morris, p. 14
Citation 3: Morris, p. 67
Citation 4: Morris, p. 114
Citation 5: Morris, p. 147
Citation 6: Quoted in Morris, p. 112
Citation 7: Morris, p. 198

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In which John Green teaches you about the Great Depression. So, everybody knows that the Great Depression started with the stock market crash in 1929, right? Not exactly. The Depression happened after the stock market crash, but wasn't caused by the crash. John will teach you about how the depression started, what Herbert Hoover tried to do to fix it, and why those efforts failed.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The Roaring Twenties ended with The Great Depression, a period of soul-searching for the United States dealing with a failing middle class: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/the-great-depressi
The issues of the Great Depression were made more difficult by the agricultural crisis known as the Dust Bowl: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/excerpt-from-on-dr

Learn more about the Great Depression in episode #28 of Crash Course Black American History here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f14kiGoexVg

Chapters:
Introduction: The Great Depression 00:00
Causes of the Great Depression 0:48
The Stock Market Crash 2:31
The Failures of America's Banking System 3:35
The Hoover Administration's Responses to the Great Depression 5:10
WWI's Global Economic Impact 5:40
Hoover and The Gold Standard 6:57
What Hoover did (and didn't) do about the Great Depression 8:13
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation 10:04
Impact of the Great Depression 10:30
Mystery Document 11:27
Accounts of the Great Depression 12:35
Credits 13:55

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In which John Green teaches you about the Progressive Presidents, who are not a super-group of former presidents who create complicated, symphonic, rock soundscapes that transport you into a fantasy fugue state. Although that would be awesome. The presidents most associated with the Progressive Era are Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. During the times these guys held office, trusts were busted, national parks were founded, social programs were enacted, and tariffs were lowered. It wasn't all positive though, as their collective tenure also saw Latin America invaded A LOT, a split in the Republican party that resulted in a Bull Moose, all kinds of other international intervention, and the end of the Progressive Era saw the United States involved in World War. If all this isn't enough to entice, I will point out that two people get shot in this video. Violence sells, they say.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The era of progressive presidents began with Teddy Roosevelt, who felt that conservation was a national duty: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/conservation-as-a-
Teddy Roosevelt is remembered for fighting hard for his causes, as exemplified in his famous “Man in the Arena” Speech: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/the-man-in-the-are

Chapters:
Introduction: Progressive Presidents 00:00
Nationalization 0:47
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt 1:42
Square Deal 2:16
National Parks 3:12
William Howard Taft 3:33
The 16th and 18th Amendments 4:00
The Election of 1912 4:31
New Freedom vs New Nationalism 5:26
The Bull Moose Party 5:56
Woodrow Wilson's Election 6:40
Mystery Document 6:52
Woodrow Wilson's Policies 8:06
Progressivism & International Affairs 9:14
The Panama Canal 10:21
The Roosevelt Corollary 10:53
Taft's Dollar Diplomacy 11:38
Wilson's Foreign Policy 12:03
Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson's Legacies 13:37
Credits 14:34

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World War I was very hard on the Russian Empire. So hard, in fact, that it led to the end of the Russian Empire. As the global conflict ground on, Tsar Nicholas II faced increasing unrest at home. Today we'll learn about the Revolutions of 1917, the rise of Lenin, Trotsky, and the Bolsheviks, and the Reussian Civil War and the creation of the Soviet Union. 

Sources
-Engelstein, Laura. Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, and Civil War, 1914-1922. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
-Kivelson, Valerie A. and Ronald Grigor Suny. Russia’s Empires. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
-Sanborn, Joshua A. Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
-Smith, Bonnie G. Europe in the Contemporary World since 1900. 2nd ed. London: Bloomsbury, 2020.

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#crashcourse #history #russianrevolution

The American Civil War is one of the deadliest in US History, and let's just get this out of the way: it was about slavery. In the more than 150 years since the end of the Civil War, there have been many attempts to litigate the reasons for the war, but the reality is that the root of the division was slavery. As such, Black Americans experience in that war is particularly interesting. Today, we'll learn about how Black people fought and participated in the war, the Emancipation Proclamation, and lots more.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

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Sources and References

-Deborah Gray White, Mia Bay, and Waldo E. Martin, Freedom on My Mind : A History of African Americans, with Documents Second edition. (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2017)
-Kevin Levin, Searching for Black Confederates: The Civil War’s Most Persistent Myth (UNC Press, 2019).
-Ira Berlin et. al., Slaves No More: Three Essays on Emancipation and the Civil War (Cambridge University Press, 1992).


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#crashcourse #blackhistory #civilwar

In which John Green teaches you about the presidency of Andrew Jackson So how did a president with astoundingly bad fiscal policies end up on the $20 bill? That's a question we can't answer, but we can tell you how Jackson got to be president, and how he changed the country when he got the job. Jackson's election was more democratic than any previous presidential election. More people were able to vote, and they picked a doozie. Jackson was a well-known war hero, and he was elected over his longtime political enemy, John Quincy Adams. Once Jackson was in office, he did more to expand executive power than any of the previous occupants of the White House. He used armed troops to collect taxes, refused to enforce legislation and supreme court legislation, and hired and fired his staff based on support in elections. He was also the first president to regularly wield the presidential veto as a political tool. Was he a good president? Watch this video and draw your own conclusions.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. One of Andrew Jackson's most lasting and memorable policies was that of Indian removal: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/andrew-jackson-s-s
Jackson’s promotion of this cause led to the infamous Trail of Tears: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/excerpt-from-trail

Chapters:
Introduction: the Age of Jackson 00:00
Democracy in the United States 0:32
Economics during the Era of Good Feelings 1:56
The Monroe Doctrine 2:48
John Quincy Adams 3:17
The Missouri Compromise 3:56
Martin Van Buren, "The Little Magician", and other Presidential Nicknames 4:58
Andrew Jackson's Presidential Campaign 6:16
The Democratic Party 7:15
The Whig Party 7:41
Jackson's Tariffs 8:28
The Indian Removal Act & The Trail of Tears 9:37
American Banking Under Jackson 10:40
Mystery Document 10:56
Jackson Ends the Second U.S. Bank 12:00
Inflation and the Panic of 1837 12:53
Legacy of the Age of Jackson 13:54
Credits 14:35

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James Cameron rocketed onto the action film scene with 1984's "The Terminator" and followed that up with a highly anticipated sequel to the 1979 film, "Alien." His film, "Aliens," would go on to not only be a financial success, but a critical one and has become a staple of action, science fiction, and effects filmmaking.

But, "Aliens" also rewards a deeper look through a critical lens in both some positive and not so positive ways.

***Alien and Aliens are the property of 20th Century Fox.

Check out all 15 films we'll be talking about below!!!

***Film Selection***
Citizen Kane
Aliens
Where Are My Children?
Selma
In the Mood For Love
Do the Right Thing
Lost In Translation
Apocalypse Now
Pan's Labyrinth
The Limey
Three Colors: Blue
The Eagle Huntress
Moonlight
Beasts of No Nation
2001: A Space Odyssey

***

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

The Latest from PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

***

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Today, we're going to talk about one of the earliest animal senses, one that every life form we've ever found seems to have -- chemosensation -- or our sense of taste and smell. We'll discuss how animals use these senses to explore their environment and communicate, and how that pair of nostrils of yours is an example of convergent evolution. Also, before we wrap up our discussion of animal senses we're going to talk about a couple so specialized that seem straight from the pages of comic books -- the ability to sense electric and magnetic fields!

🦔🐒🐝🐛🐘🐍🐀🐠 🐢🐋🐅🦓🦇🦜🐜🪱🦑 🦀🐊

Learn more about Rae here! https://www.raewynngrant.com​​
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Vincent, Emilee Murphy, Michael Wang, Jordan willis, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, Nick, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Sam Ferguson, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, TheDaemonCatJr, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Jason A Saslow, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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Pete the Cat Goes Camping (I Can Read Level 1)
by James Dean
Read by Let's Read Stories

New York Times bestselling author and artist James Dean takes readers along for an outdoor adventure with Pete the Cat!

In Pete the Cat Goes Camping, Pete can't wait to go hiking, fishing, and eat s'mores by the campfire. But when he hears about the mysterious creature named Bigfoot, Pete can't help but wonder: Is Bigfoot real?

Pete the Cat Goes Camping is a Level 1 I Can Read book, which means it's perfect for shared reading with a child.

Click here to purchase Pete the Cat Goes Camping (I Can Read Level 1): https://www.amazon.com/Pete-Go....es-Camping-Read-Leve

Olivia the Spy
by Ian Falconer
Read by Let's Read Stories

Everyone’s favorite pig is about to have a birthday…but will her penchant for eavesdropping lead to more than presents?

Olivia’s birthday is days away. Plans must be made. Who makes plans? Moms! Who simply must know the plans? Olivia, who is NOT above eavesdropping. But when she not-so-accidentally-but-kinda overhears her mom talking about her not-so-squeaky-clean-and-possibly-very-bad-behavior, Olivia’s imagination runs wild…because it sounds like not only will there be no birthday, but Mom might just be sending her to military school instead. What a BAD birthday that would be!

Click here to purchase Olivia the Spy: https://www.amazon.com/Olivia-....Spy-Ian-Falconer/dp/

The Night Before Preschool
by Natasha Wing
Illustrated by Amy Wummer
Read by Let's Read Stories

It's the night before preschool, and a little boy named Billy is so nervous he can't fall asleep. The friends he makes the next day at school give him a reason not to sleep the next night, either: he's too excited about going back! The book's simple rhyming text and sweet illustrations will soothe any child's fears about the first day of school.

Help your child deal with back to school worries with the adorable story read aloud about starting preschool. Hearing words read from other kids can help your preschooler develop confidence and literary skills. Thanks for watching!

Click here to purchase The Night Before Preschool: https://www.amazon.com/Night-B....efore-Preschool-Nata